PERLAPI(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLAPI(1)
NAME
perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
DESCRIPTION
This file contains the documentation of the perl public API generated
by embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions, macros, flags, and
variables that may be used by extension writers. The interfaces of any
functions that are not listed here are subject to change without
notice. For this reason, blindly using functions listed in proto.h is
to be avoided when writing extensions.
Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced with the
"PL" prefix. Some macros are provided for compatibility with the
older, unadorned names, but this support may be disabled in a future
release.
The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive.
""Gimme"" Values
GIME A backward-compatible version of "GIMEV" which can only
return "GSCALAR" or "GARAY"; in a void context, it returns
"GSCALAR". Deprecated. Use "GIMEV" instead.
U32 GIME
GIMEV The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's "wantarray". Returns
"GVOID", "GSCALAR" or "GARAY" for void, scalar or list con-
text, respectively.
U32 GIMEV
GARAY Used to indicate list context. See "GIMEV", "GIME" and
perlcall.
GDISCARD
Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be
discarded. See perlcall.
GEVAL Used to force a Perl "eval" wrapper around a callback. See
perlcall.
GNOARGS
Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback. See
perlcall.
GSCALAR
Used to indicate scalar context. See "GIMEV", "GIME", and
perlcall.
GVOID Used to indicate void context. See "GIMEV" and perlcall.
Array anipulation Functions
AvFIL Same as "avlen()". Deprecated, use "avlen()" instead.
int AvFIL(AV* av)
avclear
Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free the memory
used by the array itself.
void avclear(AV* ar)
avdelete
Deletes the element indexed by "key" from the array. Returns
the deleted element. If "flags" equals "GDISCARD", the element
is freed and null is returned.
SV* avdelete(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 flags)
avexists
Returns true if the element indexed by "key" has been initial-
ized.
This relies on the fact that uninitialized array elements are
set to &PLsvundef.
bool avexists(AV* ar, I32 key)
avextend
Pre-extend an array. The "key" is the index to which the array
should be extended.
void avextend(AV* ar, I32 key)
avfetch
Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The "key"
is the index. If "lval" is set then the fetch will be part of
a store. Check that the return value is non-null before deref-
erencing it to a "SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on
tied arrays.
SV** avfetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)
avfill Ensure than an array has a given number of elements, equivalent
to Perl's "$#array = $fill;".
void avfill(AV* ar, I32 fill)
avlen Returns the highest index in the array. Returns -1 if the
array is empty.
I32 avlen(AV* ar)
avmake Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The SVs
are copied into the array, so they may be freed after the call
to avmake. The new AV will have a reference count of 1.
AV* avmake(I32 size, SV** svp)
avpop Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns &PLsvundef if
the array is empty.
SV* avpop(AV* ar)
avpush Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array will grow
automatically to accommodate the addition.
void avpush(AV* ar, SV* val)
avshift
Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.
SV* avshift(AV* ar)
avstore
Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as
"key". The return value will be NUL if the operation failed
or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the
array (as in the case of tied arrays). Otherwise it can be
dereferenced to get the original "SV*". Note that the caller
is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of
"val" before the call, and decrementing it if the function
returned NUL.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on
tied arrays.
SV** avstore(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)
avundef
Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the array
itself.
void avundef(AV* ar)
avunshift
Unshift the given number of "undef" values onto the beginning
of the array. The array will grow automatically to accommodate
the addition. You must then use "avstore" to assign values to
these new elements.
void avunshift(AV* ar, I32 num)
getav Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If "create" is set
and the Perl variable does not exist then it will be created.
If "create" is not set and the variable does not exist then
NUL is returned.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
AV* getav(const char* name, I32 create)
newAV Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1.
AV* newAV()
sortsv Sort an array. Here is an example:
sortsv(AvARAY(av), avlen(av)]1, Perlsvcmplocale);
See lib/sort.pm for details about controlling the sorting algo-
rithm.
void sortsv(SV ** array, sizet numelts, SVCOMPAREt cmp)
Callback Functions
callargv
Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
I32 callargv(const char* subname, I32 flags, char** argv)
callmethod
Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The blessed
object must be on the stack. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
I32 callmethod(const char* methname, I32 flags)
callpv Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
I32 callpv(const char* subname, I32 flags)
callsv Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the SV.
See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
I32 callsv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
ENTER Opening bracket on a callback. See "LEAVE" and perlcall.
ENTER;
evalpv Tells Perl to "eval" the given string and return an SV* result.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
SV* evalpv(const char* p, I32 croakonerror)
evalsv Tells Perl to "eval" the string in the SV.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
I32 evalsv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
FRETMPS
Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See "SAVETMPS"
and perlcall.
FRETMPS;
LEAVE Closing bracket on a callback. See "ENTER" and perlcall.
LEAVE;
SAVETMPS
Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See "FRETMPS"
and perlcall.
SAVETMPS;
Character classes
isALNUM Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is an ASCI
alphanumeric character (including underscore) or digit.
bool isALNUM(char ch)
isALPHA Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is an ASCI
alphabetic character.
bool isALPHA(char ch)
isDIGIT Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is an ASCI
digit.
bool isDIGIT(char ch)
isLOWER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is a lower-
case character.
bool isLOWER(char ch)
isSPACE Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is white-
space.
bool isSPACE(char ch)
isUPER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is an upper-
case character.
bool isUPER(char ch)
toLOWER Converts the specified character to lowercase.
char toLOWER(char ch)
toUPER Converts the specified character to uppercase.
char toUPER(char ch)
Cloning an interpreter
perlclone
Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the current one.
perlclone takes these flags as parameters:
CLONEfCOPYSTACKS - is used to, well, copy the stacks also,
without it we only clone the data and zero the stacks, with it
we copy the stacks and the new perl interpreter is ready to run
at the exact same point as the previous one. The pseudo-fork
code uses COPYSTACKS while the threads->new doesn't.
CLONEfKEPTRTABLE perlclone keeps a ptrtable with the
pointer of the old variable as a key and the new variable as a
value, this allows it to check if something has been cloned and
not clone it again but rather just use the value and increase
the refcount. If KEPTRTABLE is not set then perlclone will
kill the ptrtable using the function "ptrta-
blefree(PLptrtable); PLptrtable = NUL;", reason to keep
it around is if you want to dup some of your own variable who
are outside the graph perl scans, example of this code is in
threads.xs create
CLONEfCLONEHOST This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix,
it tells perls win32host code (which is c]) to clone itself,
this is needed on win32 if you want to run two threads at the
same time, if you just want to do some stuff in a separate perl
interpreter and then throw it away and return to the original
one, you don't need to do anything.
PerlInterpreter* perlclone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags)
CV anipulation Functions
CvSTASH Returns the stash of the CV.
HV* CvSTASH(CV* cv)
getcv Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine. If "create"
is set and the Perl subroutine does not exist then it will be
declared (which has the same effect as saying "sub name;"). If
"create" is not set and the subroutine does not exist then NUL
is returned.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
CV* getcv(const char* name, I32 create)
Embedding Functions
cvundef
Clear out all the active components of a CV. This can happen
either by an explicit "undef &foo", or by the reference count
going to zero. In the former case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE
pointer, so that any anonymous children can still follow the
full lexical scope chain.
void cvundef(CV* cv)
loadmodule
Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string part of
name. Note that the actual module name, not its filename,
should be given. Eg, "Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm".
flags can be any of PERLOADMODENY, PERLOADMODNOIMPORT,
or PERLOADMODIMPORTOPS (or 0 for no flags). ver, if speci-
fied, provides version semantics similar to "use Foo::Bar VER-
SION". The optional trailing SV* arguments can be used to
specify arguments to the module's import() method, similar to
"use Foo::Bar VERSION LIST".
void loadmodule(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)
nothreadhook
Stub that provides thread hook for perldestruct when there are
no threads.
int nothreadhook()
perlalloc
Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
PerlInterpreter* perlalloc()
perlconstruct
Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
void perlconstruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perldestruct
Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
int perldestruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perlfree
Releases a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
void perlfree(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perlparse
Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See perlem-
bed.
int perlparse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINITt xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)
perlrun
Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See perlembed.
int perlrun(PerlInterpreter* interp)
requirepv
Tells Perl to "require" the file named by the string argument.
It is analogous to the Perl code "eval "require '$file'"".
It's even implemented that way; consider using loadmodule
instead.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
void requirepv(const char* pv)
Functions in file pppack.c
packlist
The engine implementing pack() Perl function.
void packlist(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist)
packcat
The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note: parameters
nextinlist and flags are not used. This call should not be
used; use packlist instead.
void packcat(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***nextinlist, U32 flags)
unpackstring
The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. "unpackstring"
puts the extracted list items on the stack and returns the num-
ber of elements. Issue "PUTBACK" before and "SPAGAIN" after
the call to this function.
I32 unpackstring(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strend, U32 flags)
unpackstr
The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. Note: parame-
ters strbeg, news and ocnt are not used. This call should not
be used, use unpackstring instead.
I32 unpackstr(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strbeg, char *strend, char **news, I32 ocnt, U32 flags)
Global Variables
PLmodglobal
"PLmodglobal" is a general purpose, interpreter global HV for
use by extensions that need to keep information on a per-inter-
preter basis. In a pinch, it can also be used as a symbol ta-
ble for extensions to share data among each other. It is a
good idea to use keys prefixed by the package name of the
extension that owns the data.
HV* PLmodglobal
PLna A convenience variable which is typically used with "SvPV" when
one doesn't care about the length of the string. It is usually
more efficient to either declare a local variable and use that
instead or to use the "SvPVnolen" macro.
STRLEN PLna
PLsvno
This is the "false" SV. See "PLsvyes". Always refer to this
as &PLsvno.
SV PLsvno
PLsvundef
This is the "undef" SV. Always refer to this as &PLsvundef.
SV PLsvundef
PLsvyes
This is the "true" SV. See "PLsvno". Always refer to this
as &PLsvyes.
SV PLsvyes
GV Functions
GvSV Return the SV from the GV.
SV* GvSV(GV* gv)
gvfetchmeth
Returns the glob with the given "name" and a defined subroutine
or "NUL". The glob lives in the given "stash", or in the
stashes accessible via @ISA and UNIVERSAL::.
The argument "level" should be either 0 or -1. If "level==0",
as a side-effect creates a glob with the given "name" in the
given "stash" which in the case of success contains an alias
for the subroutine, and sets up caching info for this glob.
Similarly for all the searched stashes.
This function grants "SUPER" token as a postfix of the stash
name. The GV returned from "gvfetchmeth" may be a method cache
entry, which is not visible to Perl code. So when calling
"callsv", you should not use the GV directly; instead, you
should use the method's CV, which can be obtained from the GV
with the "GvCV" macro.
GV* gvfetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
gvfetchmethod
See gvfetchmethodautoload.
GV* gvfetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
gvfetchmethodautoload
Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to
invoke the method on the "stash". In fact in the presence of
autoloading this may be the glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case
the corresponding variable $AUTOLOAD is already setup.
The third parameter of "gvfetchmethodautoload" determines
whether AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if the given method is not
present: non-zero means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no,
don't look for AUTOLOAD. Calling "gvfetchmethod" is equiva-
lent to calling "gvfetchmethodautoload" with a non-zero
"autoload" parameter.
These functions grant "SUPER" token as a prefix of the method
name. Note that if you want to keep the returned glob for a
long time, you need to check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at
the later time the call may load a different subroutine due to
$AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob created via a side
effect to do this.
These functions have the same side-effects and as "gvfetch-
meth" with "level==0". "name" should be writable if contains
':' or "' ''". The warning against passing the GV returned by
"gvfetchmeth" to "callsv" apply equally to these functions.
GV* gvfetchmethodautoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)
gvfetchmethautoload
Same as gvfetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded subroutines
too. Returns a glob for the subroutine.
For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV
even if "level < 0". For an autoloaded subroutine without a
stub, GvCV() of the result may be zero.
GV* gvfetchmethautoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
gvstashpv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. "name"
should be a valid UTF-8 string. If "create" is set then the
package will be created if it does not already exist. If "cre-
ate" is not set and the package does not exist then NUL is
returned.
HV* gvstashpv(const char* name, I32 create)
gvstashsv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package, which
must be a valid UTF-8 string. See "gvstashpv".
HV* gvstashsv(SV* sv, I32 create)
Handy Values
Nullav Null AV pointer.
Nullch Null character pointer.
Nullcv Null CV pointer.
Nullhv Null HV pointer.
Nullsv Null SV pointer.
Hash anipulation Functions
gethv Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If "create" is set
and the Perl variable does not exist then it will be created.
If "create" is not set and the variable does not exist then
NUL is returned.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
HV* gethv(const char* name, I32 create)
HEfSVKEY
This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries and magic
structures, specifies the structure contains an "SV*" pointer
where a "char*" pointer is to be expected. (For information
only--not to be used).
HeHASH Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry.
U32 HeHASH(HE* he)
HeKEY Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of the hash
entry. The pointer may be either "char*" or "SV*", depending on
the value of "HeKLEN()". Can be assigned to. The "HePV()" or
"HeSVKEY()" macros are usually preferable for finding the value
of a key.
void* HeKEY(HE* he)
HeKLEN If this is negative, and amounts to "HEfSVKEY", it indicates
the entry holds an "SV*" key. Otherwise, holds the actual
length of the key. Can be assigned to. The "HePV()" macro is
usually preferable for finding key lengths.
STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he)
HePV Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a "char*" value,
doing any necessary dereferencing of possibly "SV*" keys. The
length of the string is placed in "len" (this is a macro, so do
not use &len). If you do not care about what the length of the
key is, you may use the global variable "PLna", though this is
rather less efficient than using a local variable. Remember
though, that hash keys in perl are free to contain embedded
nulls, so using "strlen()" or similar is not a good way to find
the length of hash keys. This is very similar to the "SvPV()"
macro described elsewhere in this document.
char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
HeSVKEY Returns the key as an "SV*", or "Nullsv" if the hash entry does
not contain an "SV*" key.
SV* HeSVKEY(HE* he)
HeSVKEYforce
Returns the key as an "SV*". Will create and return a tempo-
rary mortal "SV*" if the hash entry contains only a "char*"
key.
SV* HeSVKEYforce(HE* he)
HeSVKEYset
Sets the key to a given "SV*", taking care to set the appropri-
ate flags to indicate the presence of an "SV*" key, and returns
the same "SV*".
SV* HeSVKEYset(HE* he, SV* sv)
HeVAL Returns the value slot (type "SV*") stored in the hash entry.
SV* HeVAL(HE* he)
HvNAME Returns the package name of a stash. See "SvSTASH", "CvSTASH".
char* HvNAME(HV* stash)
hvclear
Clears a hash, making it empty.
void hvclear(HV* tb)
hvclearplaceholders
Clears any placeholders from a hash. If a restricted hash has
any of its keys marked as readonly and the key is subsequently
deleted, the key is not actually deleted but is marked by
assigning it a value of &PLsvplaceholder. This tags it so it
will be ignored by future operations such as iterating over the
hash, but will still allow the hash to have a value reassigned
to the key at some future point. This function clears any such
placeholder keys from the hash. See Hash::Util::lockkeys()
for an example of its use.
void hvclearplaceholders(HV* hb)
hvdelete
Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed
from the hash and returned to the caller. The "klen" is the
length of the key. The "flags" value will normally be zero; if
set to GDISCARD then NUL will be returned.
SV* hvdelete(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 flags)
hvdeleteent
Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed
from the hash and returned to the caller. The "flags" value
will normally be zero; if set to GDISCARD then NUL will be
returned. "hash" can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0
to ask for it to be computed.
SV* hvdeleteent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash)
hvexists
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key
exists. The "klen" is the length of the key.
bool hvexists(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen)
hvexistsent
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key
exists. "hash" can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to
ask for it to be computed.
bool hvexistsent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash)
hvfetch
Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in the
hash. The "klen" is the length of the key. If "lval" is set
then the fetch will be part of a store. Check that the return
value is non-null before dereferencing it to an "SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on
tied hashes.
SV** hvfetch(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 lval)
hvfetchent
Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the specified key
in the hash. "hash" must be a valid precomputed hash number
for the given "key", or 0 if you want the function to compute
it. IF "lval" is set then the fetch will be part of a store.
Make sure the return value is non-null before accessing it.
The return value when "tb" is a tied hash is a pointer to a
static location, so be sure to make a copy of the structure if
you need to store it somewhere.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on
tied hashes.
HE* hvfetchent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash)
hviterinit
Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table. Returns
the number of keys in the hash (i.e. the same as "HvKEYS(tb)").
The return value is currently only meaningful for hashes with-
out tie magic.
NOTE: Before version 5.00465, "hviterinit" used to return the
number of hash buckets that happen to be in use. If you still
need that esoteric value, you can get it through the macro
"HvFIL(tb)".
I32 hviterinit(HV* tb)
hviterkey
Returns the key from the current position of the hash iterator.
See "hviterinit".
char* hviterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
hviterkeysv
Returns the key as an "SV*" from the current position of the
hash iterator. The return value will always be a mortal copy
of the key. Also see "hviterinit".
SV* hviterkeysv(HE* entry)
hviternext
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See "hviterinit".
You may call "hvdelete" or "hvdeleteent" on the hash entry
that the iterator currently points to, without losing your
place or invalidating your iterator. Note that in this case
the current entry is deleted from the hash with your iterator
holding the last reference to it. Your iterator is flagged to
free the entry on the next call to "hviternext", so you must
not discard your iterator immediately else the entry will leak
- call "hviternext" to trigger the resource deallocation.
HE* hviternext(HV* tb)
hviternextsv
Performs an "hviternext", "hviterkey", and "hviterval" in
one operation.
SV* hviternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)
hviternextflags
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See "hviterinit" and
"hviternext". The "flags" value will normally be zero; if
HVITERNEXTWANTPLACEHOLDERS is set the placeholders keys (for
restricted hashes) will be returned in addition to normal keys.
By default placeholders are automatically skipped over. Cur-
rently a placeholder is implemented with a value that is
&Perlsvplaceholder. Note that the implementation of place-
holders and restricted hashes may change, and the implementa-
tion currently is insufficiently abstracted for any change to
be tidy.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
removed without notice.
HE* hviternextflags(HV* tb, I32 flags)
hviterval
Returns the value from the current position of the hash itera-
tor. See "hviterkey".
SV* hviterval(HV* tb, HE* entry)
hvmagic
Adds magic to a hash. See "svmagic".
void hvmagic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)
hvscalar
Evaluates the hash in scalar context and returns the result.
Handles magic when the hash is tied.
SV* hvscalar(HV* hv)
hvstore
Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as "key" and
"klen" is the length of the key. The "hash" parameter is the
precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will compute
it. The return value will be NUL if the operation failed or
if the value did not need to be actually stored within the hash
(as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it can be derefer-
enced to get the original "SV*". Note that the caller is
responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of
"val" before the call, and decrementing it if the function
returned NUL. Effectively a successful hvstore takes owner-
ship of one reference to "val". This is usually what you want;
a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so if all your
code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hvstore
will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code
doesn't need to do anything further to tidy up. hvstore is
not implemented as a call to hvstoreent, and does not create
a temporary SV for the key, so if your key data is not already
in SV form then use hvstore in preference to hvstoreent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on
tied hashes.
SV** hvstore(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)
hvstoreent
Stores "val" in a hash. The hash key is specified as "key".
The "hash" parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is
zero then Perl will compute it. The return value is the new
hash entry so created. It will be NUL if the operation failed
or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the
hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise the contents
of the return value can be accessed using the "He?" macros
described here. Note that the caller is responsible for suit-
ably incrementing the reference count of "val" before the call,
and decrementing it if the function returned NUL. Effectively
a successful hvstoreent takes ownership of one reference to
"val". This is usually what you want; a newly created SV has a
reference count of one, so if all your code does is create SVs
then store them in a hash, hvstore will own the only reference
to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything fur-
ther to tidy up. Note that hvstoreent only reads the "key";
unlike "val" it does not take ownership of it, so maintaining
the correct reference count on "key" is entirely the caller's
responsibility. hvstore is not implemented as a call to
hvstoreent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key,
so if your key data is not already in SV form then use hvstore
in preference to hvstoreent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on
tied hashes.
HE* hvstoreent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash)
hvundef
Undefines the hash.
void hvundef(HV* tb)
newHV Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1.
HV* newHV()
agical Functions
mgclear
Clear something magical that the SV represents. See
"svmagic".
int mgclear(SV* sv)
mgcopy Copies the magic from one SV to another. See "svmagic".
int mgcopy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen)
mgfind Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See
"svmagic".
MAGIC* mgfind(SV* sv, int type)
mgfree Free any magic storage used by the SV. See "svmagic".
int mgfree(SV* sv)
mgget Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See
"svmagic".
int mgget(SV* sv)
mglength
Report on the SV's length. See "svmagic".
U32 mglength(SV* sv)
mgmagical
Turns on the magical status of an SV. See "svmagic".
void mgmagical(SV* sv)
mgset Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See "svmagic".
int mgset(SV* sv)
SvGETMAGIC
Invokes "mgget" on an SV if it has 'get' magic. This macro
evaluates its argument more than once.
void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
SvLOCK Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be obtained on sv if a
suitable module has been loaded.
void SvLOCK(SV* sv)
SvSETMAGIC
Invokes "mgset" on an SV if it has 'set' magic. This macro
evaluates its argument more than once.
void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
SvSetMagicSV
Like "SvSetSV", but does any set magic required afterwards.
void SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
SvSetMagicSVnosteal
Like "SvSetSVnosteal", but does any set magic required after-
wards.
void SvSetMagicSVnosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
SvSetSV Calls "svsetsv" if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate
arguments more than once.
void SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
SvSetSVnosteal
Calls a non-destructive version of "svsetsv" if dsv is not the
same as ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once.
void SvSetSVnosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
SvSHARE Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a suitable mod-
ule has been loaded.
void SvSHARE(SV* sv)
SvUNLOCK
Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suitable module has
been loaded.
void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)
emory anagement
Copy The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memcpy" function. The
"src" is the source, "dest" is the destination, "nitems" is the
number of items, and "type" is the type. May fail on overlap-
ping copies. See also "Move".
void Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
CopyD Like "Copy" but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers
to tail-call optimise.
void * CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
Move The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memmove" function. The
"src" is the source, "dest" is the destination, "nitems" is the
number of items, and "type" is the type. Can do overlapping
moves. See also "Copy".
void Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
MoveD Like "Move" but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers
to tail-call optimise.
void * MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
New The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc" function.
void New(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Newc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc" function, with
cast.
void Newc(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
Newz The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc" function. The
allocated memory is zeroed with "memzero".
void Newz(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Poison Fill up memory with a pattern (byte 0xAB over and over again)
that hopefully catches attempts to access uninitialized memory.
void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)
Renew The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc" function.
void Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Renewc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc" function, with
cast.
void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
Safefree
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "free" function.
void Safefree(void* ptr)
savepv Perl's version of "strdup()". Returns a pointer to a newly
allocated string which is a duplicate of "pv". The size of the
string is determined by "strlen()". The memory allocated for
the new string can be freed with the "Safefree()" function.
char* savepv(const char* pv)
savepvn Perl's version of what "strndup()" would be if it existed.
Returns a pointer to a newly allocated string which is a dupli-
cate of the first "len" bytes from "pv". The memory allocated
for the new string can be freed with the "Safefree()" function.
char* savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len)
savesharedpv
A version of "savepv()" which allocates the duplicate string in
memory which is shared between threads.
char* savesharedpv(const char* pv)
StructCopy
This is an architecture-independent macro to copy one structure
to another.
void StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)
Zero The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memzero" function. The
"dest" is the destination, "nitems" is the number of items, and
"type" is the type.
void Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)
ZeroD Like "Zero" but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers
to tail-call optimise.
void * ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)
iscellaneous Functions
fbmcompile
Analyses the string in order to make fast searches on it using
fbminstr() -- the Boyer-Moore algorithm.
void fbmcompile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
fbminstr
Returns the location of the SV in the string delimited by "str"
and "strend". It returns "Nullch" if the string can't be
found. The "sv" does not have to be fbmcompiled, but the
search will not be as fast then.
char* fbminstr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags)
form Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conventional (non-SV)
arguments and returns the formatted string.
(char *) Perlform(pTHX const char* pat, ...)
can be used any place a string (char *) is required:
char * s = Perlform("%d.%d",major,minor);
Uses a single private buffer so if you want to format several
strings you must explicitly copy the earlier strings away (and
free the copies when you are done).
char* form(const char* pat, ...)
getcwdsv
Fill the sv with current working directory
int getcwdsv(SV* sv)
strEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or
false.
bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
strGE Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is greater than or
equal to the second, "s2". Returns true or false.
bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
strGT Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is greater than the
second, "s2". Returns true or false.
bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
strLE Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is less than or
equal to the second, "s2". Returns true or false.
bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
strLT Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is less than the
second, "s2". Returns true or false.
bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
strNE Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true or
false.
bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
strnEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal. The "len" parameter
indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or
false. (A wrapper for "strncmp").
bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
strnNE Test two strings to see if they are different. The "len"
parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns
true or false. (A wrapper for "strncmp").
bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
svnolocking
Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no locking mod-
ule present. Exists to avoid test for a NUL function pointer
and because it could potentially warn under some level of
strict-ness.
void svnolocking(SV *)
svnosharing
Dummy routine which "shares" an SV when there is no sharing
module present. Exists to avoid test for a NUL function
pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level
of strict-ness.
void svnosharing(SV *)
svnounlocking
Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is no locking
module present. Exists to avoid test for a NUL function
pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level
of strict-ness.
void svnounlocking(SV *)
Numeric functions
grokbin
converts a string representing a binary number to numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags gives
conversion flags, and result should be NUL or a pointer to an
NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first
invalid character. Unless "PERLSCANSILENTILDIGIT" is set
in *flags, encountering an invalid character will also trigger
a warning. On return *len is set to the length of the scanned
string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= UVMAX it is returned as a UV, the output
flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the
value is > UVMAX "grokbin" returns UVMAX, sets
"PERLSCANGREATERTHANUVMAX" in the output flags, and writes
the value to *result (or the value is discarded if result is
NUL).
The binary number may optionally be prefixed with "0b" or "b"
unless "PERLSCANDISALOWPREFIX" is set in *flags on entry.
If "PERLSCANALOWUNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then the
binary number may use '' characters to separate digits.
UV grokbin(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
grokhex
converts a string representing a hex number to numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags gives
conversion flags, and result should be NUL or a pointer to an
NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first
invalid character. Unless "PERLSCANSILENTILDIGIT" is set
in *flags, encountering an invalid character will also trigger
a warning. On return *len is set to the length of the scanned
string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= UVMAX it is returned as a UV, the output
flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the
value is > UVMAX "grokhex" returns UVMAX, sets
"PERLSCANGREATERTHANUVMAX" in the output flags, and writes
the value to *result (or the value is discarded if result is
NUL).
The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0x" or "x"
unless "PERLSCANDISALOWPREFIX" is set in *flags on entry.
If "PERLSCANALOWUNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then the hex
number may use '' characters to separate digits.
UV grokhex(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
groknumber
Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the number is
returned (0 if unrecognised), otherwise it is a bit-ORed combi-
nation of ISNUMBERINUV, ISNUMBERGREATERTHANUVMAX,
ISNUMBERNOTINT, ISNUMBERNEG, ISNUMBERINFINITY, ISNUM-
BERNAN (defined in perl.h).
If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is returned in
the *valuep ISNUMBERINUV will be set to indicate that *val-
uep is valid, ISNUMBERINUV will never be set unless *valuep
is valid, but *valuep may have been assigned to during process-
ing even though ISNUMBERINUV is not set on return. If val-
uep is NUL, ISNUMBERINUV will be set for the same cases as
when valuep is non-NUL, but no actual assignment (or SEGV)
will occur.
ISNUMBERNOTINT will be set with ISNUMBERINUV if trailing
decimals were seen (in which case *valuep gives the true value
truncated to an integer), and ISNUMBERNEG if the number is
negative (in which case *valuep holds the absolute value).
ISNUMBERINUV is not set if e notation was used or the number
is larger than a UV.
int groknumber(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)
groknumericradix
Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator (radix).
bool groknumericradix(const char **sp, const char *send)
grokoct
converts a string representing an octal number to numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags gives
conversion flags, and result should be NUL or a pointer to an
NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first
invalid character. Unless "PERLSCANSILENTILDIGIT" is set
in *flags, encountering an invalid character will also trigger
a warning. On return *len is set to the length of the scanned
string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= UVMAX it is returned as a UV, the output
flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the
value is > UVMAX "grokoct" returns UVMAX, sets
"PERLSCANGREATERTHANUVMAX" in the output flags, and writes
the value to *result (or the value is discarded if result is
NUL).
If "PERLSCANALOWUNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then the
octal number may use '' characters to separate digits.
UV grokoct(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
scanbin
For backwards compatibility. Use "grokbin" instead.
NV scanbin(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
scanhex
For backwards compatibility. Use "grokhex" instead.
NV scanhex(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
scanoct
For backwards compatibility. Use "grokoct" instead.
NV scanoct(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
Optree anipulation Functions
cvconstsv
If "cv" is a constant sub eligible for inlining. returns the
constant value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns NUL.
Constant subs can be created with "newCONSTSUB" or as described
in "Constant Functions" in perlsub.
SV* cvconstsv(CV* cv)
newCONSTSUB
Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl "sub FO () { 123 }"
which is eligible for inlining at compile-time.
CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, char* name, SV* sv)
newXS Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
Pad Data Structures
padsv Get the value at offset po in the current pad. Use macro
PADSV instead of calling this function directly.
SV* padsv(PADOFSET po)
Stack anipulation acros
dMARK Declare a stack marker variable, "mark", for the XSUB. See
"MARK" and "dORIGMARK".
dMARK;
dORIGMARK
Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See "ORIGMARK".
dORIGMARK;
dSP Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for the XSUB,
available via the "SP" macro. See "SP".
dSP;
EXTEND Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return values.
Once used, guarantees that there is room for at least "nitems"
to be pushed onto the stack.
void EXTEND(SP, int nitems)
MARK Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See "dMARK".
mPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See
also "PUSHi", "mXPUSHi" and "XPUSHi".
void mPUSHi(IV iv)
mPUSHn Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See
also "PUSHn", "mXPUSHn" and "XPUSHn".
void mPUSHn(NV nv)
mPUSHp Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. The "len" indicates the length of the string.
Handles 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHp",
"mXPUSHp" and "XPUSHp".
void mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
mPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use
"TARG". See also "PUSHu", "mXPUSHu" and "XPUSHu".
void mPUSHu(UV uv)
mXPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if neces-
sary. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also
"XPUSHi", "mPUSHi" and "PUSHi".
void mXPUSHi(IV iv)
mXPUSHn Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
Handles 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHn",
"mPUSHn" and "PUSHn".
void mXPUSHn(NV nv)
mXPUSHp Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
The "len" indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set'
magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHp", "mPUSHp" and
"PUSHp".
void mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
mXPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See
also "XPUSHu", "mPUSHu" and "PUSHu".
void mXPUSHu(UV uv)
ORIGMARK
The original stack mark for the XSUB. See "dORIGMARK".
POPi Pops an integer off the stack.
IV POPi
POPl Pops a long off the stack.
long POPl
POPn Pops a double off the stack.
NV POPn
POPp Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code should pro-
vide a STRLEN na and use POPpx.
char* POPp
POPpbytex
Pops a string off the stack which must consist of bytes i.e.
characters < 256. Requires a variable STRLEN na in scope.
char* POPpbytex
POPpx Pops a string off the stack. Requires a variable STRLEN na in
scope.
char* POPpx
POPs Pops an SV off the stack.
SV* POPs
PUSHi Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET"
or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call mul-
tiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mPUSHi" instead. See also "XPUSHi" and "mXPUSHi".
void PUSHi(IV iv)
PUSHMARK
Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See "PUTBACK" and
perlcall.
void PUSHMARK(SP)
PUSHmortal
Push a new mortal SV onto the stack. The stack must have room
for this element. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use
"TARG". See also "PUSHs", "XPUSHmortal" and "XPUSHs".
void PUSHmortal()
PUSHn Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET"
or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call mul-
tiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mPUSHn" instead. See also "XPUSHn" and "mXPUSHn".
void PUSHn(NV nv)
PUSHp Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. The "len" indicates the length of the string.
Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG"
should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mPUSHp" instead. See also "XPUSHp" and "mXPUSHp".
void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
PUSHs Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
element. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG".
See also "PUSHmortal", "XPUSHs" and "XPUSHmortal".
void PUSHs(SV* sv)
PUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not
call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from
XSUB's - see "mPUSHu" instead. See also "XPUSHu" and
"mXPUSHu".
void PUSHu(UV uv)
PUTBACK Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled by
"xsubpp". See "PUSHMARK" and perlcall for other uses.
PUTBACK;
SP Stack pointer. This is usually handled by "xsubpp". See "dSP"
and "SPAGAIN".
SPAGAIN Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See perl-
call.
SPAGAIN;
XPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if neces-
sary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXS-
TARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mXPUSHi" instead. See also "PUSHi" and "mPUSHi".
void XPUSHi(IV iv)
XPUSHmortal
Push a new mortal SV onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG".
See also "XPUSHs", "PUSHmortal" and "PUSHs".
void XPUSHmortal()
XPUSHn Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG"
should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mXPUSHn" instead. See also "PUSHn" and "mPUSHn".
void XPUSHn(NV nv)
XPUSHp Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
The "len" indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set'
magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called
to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to
return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHp" instead. See also
"PUSHp" and "mPUSHp".
void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
XPUSHs Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also
"XPUSHmortal", "PUSHs" and "PUSHmortal".
void XPUSHs(SV* sv)
XPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or
"dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mXPUSHu" instead. See also "PUSHu" and "mPUSHu".
void XPUSHu(UV uv)
XSRETURN
Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack.
This is usually handled by "xsubpp".
void XSRETURN(int nitems)
XSRETURNEMPTY
Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.
XSRETURNEMPTY;
XSRETURNIV
Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XSTmIV".
void XSRETURNIV(IV iv)
XSRETURNO
Return &PLsvno from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XSTmNO".
XSRETURNO;
XSRETURNV
Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XSTmNV".
void XSRETURNV(NV nv)
XSRETURNPV
Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XSTmPV".
void XSRETURNPV(char* str)
XSRETURNUNDEF
Return &PLsvundef from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XSTmUNDEF".
XSRETURNUNDEF;
XSRETURNUV
Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XSTmUV".
void XSRETURNUV(IV uv)
XSRETURNYES
Return &PLsvyes from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XSTmYES".
XSRETURNYES;
XSTmIV Place an integer into the specified position "pos" on the
stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
void XSTmIV(int pos, IV iv)
XSTmNO Place &PLsvno into the specified position "pos" on the stack.
void XSTmNO(int pos)
XSTmNV Place a double into the specified position "pos" on the stack.
The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
void XSTmNV(int pos, NV nv)
XSTmPV Place a copy of a string into the specified position "pos" on
the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
void XSTmPV(int pos, char* str)
XSTmUNDEF
Place &PLsvundef into the specified position "pos" on the
stack.
void XSTmUNDEF(int pos)
XSTmYES
Place &PLsvyes into the specified position "pos" on the
stack.
void XSTmYES(int pos)
SV Flags
svtype An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the file
sv.h in the "svtype" enum. Test these flags with the "SvTYPE"
macro.
SVtIV Integer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVtNV Double type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVtPV Pointer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVtPVAV
Type flag for arrays. See "svtype".
SVtPVCV
Type flag for code refs. See "svtype".
SVtPVHV
Type flag for hashes. See "svtype".
SVtPVMG
Type flag for blessed scalars. See "svtype".
SV anipulation Functions
getsv Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If "create" is
set and the Perl variable does not exist then it will be cre-
ated. If "create" is not set and the variable does not exist
then NUL is returned.
NOTE: the perl form of this function is deprecated.
SV* getsv(const char* name, I32 create)
lookslikenumber
Test if the content of an SV looks like a number (or is a num-
ber). "Inf" and "Infinity" are treated as numbers (so will not
issue a non-numeric warning), even if your atof() doesn't grok
them.
I32 lookslikenumber(SV* sv)
newRVinc
Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the
original SV is incremented.
SV* newRVinc(SV* sv)
newRVnoinc
Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the
original SV is not incremented.
SV* newRVnoinc(SV *sv)
NEWSV Creates a new SV. A non-zero "len" parameter indicates the
number of bytes of preallocated string space the SV should
have. An extra byte for a tailing NUL is also reserved.
(SvPOK is not set for the SV even if string space is allo-
cated.) The reference count for the new SV is set to 1. "id"
is an integer id between 0 and 1299 (used to identify leaks).
SV* NEWSV(int id, STRLEN len)
newSV Create a new null SV, or if len > 0, create a new empty SVtPV
type SV with an initial PV allocation of len]1. Normally
accessed via the "NEWSV" macro.
SV* newSV(STRLEN len)
newSViv Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The reference
count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSViv(IV i)
newSVnv Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value into it.
The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSVnv(NV n)
newSVpv Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference
count for the SV is set to 1. If "len" is zero, Perl will com-
pute the length using strlen(). For efficiency, consider using
"newSVpvn" instead.
SV* newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len)
newSVpvf
Creates a new SV and initializes it with the string formatted
like "sprintf".
SV* newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...)
newSVpvn
Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference
count for the SV is set to 1. Note that if "len" is zero, Perl
will create a zero length string. You are responsible for
ensuring that the source string is at least "len" bytes long.
If the "s" argument is NUL the new SV will be undefined.
SV* newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len)
newSVpvnshare
Creates a new SV with its SvPVX pointing to a shared string in
the string table. If the string does not already exist in the
table, it is created first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE. The
string's hash is stored in the UV slot of the SV; if the "hash"
parameter is non-zero, that value is used; otherwise the hash
is computed. The idea here is that as the string table is used
for shared hash keys these strings will have SvPVX == HeKEY and
hash lookup will avoid string compare.
SV* newSVpvnshare(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)
newSVrv Creates a new SV for the RV, "rv", to point to. If "rv" is not
an RV then it will be upgraded to one. If "classname" is non-
null then the new SV will be blessed in the specified package.
The new SV is returned and its reference count is 1.
SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname)
newSVsv Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the original
SV. (Uses "svsetsv").
SV* newSVsv(SV* old)
newSVuv Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into it. The
reference count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSVuv(UV u)
SvCUR Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See
"SvLEN".
STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv)
SvCURset
Set the length of the string which is in the SV. See "SvCUR".
void SvCURset(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvEND Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which is
in the SV. See "SvCUR". Access the character as *(SvEND(sv)).
char* SvEND(SV* sv)
SvGROW Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it has room for
the indicated number of bytes (remember to reserve space for an
extra trailing NUL character). Calls "svgrow" to perform the
expansion if necessary. Returns a pointer to the character
buffer.
char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an inte-
ger.
bool SvIOK(SV* sv)
SvIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an inte-
ger. Checks the private setting. Use "SvIOK".
bool SvIOKp(SV* sv)
SvIOKnotUV
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a signed
integer.
bool SvIOKnotUV(SV* sv)
SvIOKoff
Unsets the IV status of an SV.
void SvIOKoff(SV* sv)
SvIOKon
Tells an SV that it is an integer.
void SvIOKon(SV* sv)
SvIOKonly
Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK
bits.
void SvIOKonly(SV* sv)
SvIOKonlyUV
Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and disables all
other OK bits.
void SvIOKonlyUV(SV* sv)
SvIOKUV
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an
unsigned integer.
bool SvIOKUV(SV* sv)
SvIsCOW Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write.
(either shared hash key scalars, or full Copy On Write scalars
if 5.9.0 is configured for COW)
bool SvIsCOW(SV* sv)
SvIsCOWsharedhash
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write
shared hash key scalar.
bool SvIsCOWsharedhash(SV* sv)
SvIV Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. See "SvIVx"
for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
IV SvIV(SV* sv)
SvIVx Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. Guarantees
to evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient "SvIV" other-
wise.
IV SvIVx(SV* sv)
SvIVX Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without checks or
conversions. Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See
also "SvIV()".
IV SvIVX(SV* sv)
SvLEN Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV, not including
any part attributable to "SvOK". See "SvCUR".
STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv)
SvNIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number,
integer or double.
bool SvNIOK(SV* sv)
SvNIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number,
integer or double. Checks the private setting. Use "SvNIOK".
bool SvNIOKp(SV* sv)
SvNIOKoff
Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
void SvNIOKoff(SV* sv)
SvNOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double.
bool SvNOK(SV* sv)
SvNOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double.
Checks the private setting. Use "SvNOK".
bool SvNOKp(SV* sv)
SvNOKoff
Unsets the NV status of an SV.
void SvNOKoff(SV* sv)
SvNOKon
Tells an SV that it is a double.
void SvNOKon(SV* sv)
SvNOKonly
Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK bits.
void SvNOKonly(SV* sv)
SvNV Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See "SvNVx" for
a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
NV SvNV(SV* sv)
SvNVx Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it. Guarantees to
evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient "SvNV" otherwise.
NV SvNVx(SV* sv)
SvNVX Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without checks or
conversions. Only use when you are sure SvNOK is true. See
also "SvNV()".
NV SvNVX(SV* sv)
SvOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an SV. It
also tells whether the value is defined or not.
bool SvOK(SV* sv)
SvOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SvIVX is a valid off-
set value for the SvPVX. This hack is used internally to speed
up removal of characters from the beginning of a SvPV. When
SvOK is true, then the start of the allocated string buffer is
really (SvPVX - SvIVX).
bool SvOK(SV* sv)
SvPOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a charac-
ter string.
bool SvPOK(SV* sv)
SvPOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a charac-
ter string. Checks the private setting. Use "SvPOK".
bool SvPOKp(SV* sv)
SvPOKoff
Unsets the PV status of an SV.
void SvPOKoff(SV* sv)
SvPOKon
Tells an SV that it is a string.
void SvPOKon(SV* sv)
SvPOKonly
Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits.
Will also turn off the UTF-8 status.
void SvPOKonly(SV* sv)
SvPOKonlyUTF8
Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits,
and leaves the UTF-8 status as it was.
void SvPOKonlyUTF8(SV* sv)
SvPV Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified
form of the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may
cache the stringified version becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get'
magic. See also "SvPVx" for a version which guarantees to eval-
uate sv only once.
char* SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte representation first if
necessary.
char* SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbytex
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte representation first if
necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more
efficient "SvPVbyte" otherwise.
char* SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbytexforce
Like "SvPVforce", but converts sv to byte representation first
if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the
more efficient "SvPVbyteforce" otherwise.
char* SvPVbytexforce(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyteforce
Like "SvPVforce", but converts sv to byte representation first
if necessary.
char* SvPVbyteforce(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbytenolen
Like "SvPVnolen", but converts sv to byte representation first
if necessary.
char* SvPVbytenolen(SV* sv)
SvPVutf8
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8x
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. Guar-
antees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient
"SvPVutf8" otherwise.
char* SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8xforce
Like "SvPVforce", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient
"SvPVutf8force" otherwise.
char* SvPVutf8xforce(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8force
Like "SvPVforce", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8nolen
Like "SvPVnolen", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8nolen(SV* sv)
SvPVx A version of "SvPV" which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
char* SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVX Returns a pointer to the physical string in the SV. The SV
must contain a string.
char* SvPVX(SV* sv)
SvPVforce
Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing just a string
("SvPOKonly"). You want force if you are going to update the
"SvPVX" directly.
char* SvPVforce(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVforcenomg
Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing just a string
("SvPOKonly"). You want force if you are going to update the
"SvPVX" directly. Doesn't process magic.
char* SvPVforcenomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVnolen
Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified
form of the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may
cache the stringified form becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get'
magic.
char* SvPVnolen(SV* sv)
SvREFCNT
Returns the value of the object's reference count.
U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
SvREFCNTdec
Decrements the reference count of the given SV.
void SvREFCNTdec(SV* sv)
SvREFCNTinc
Increments the reference count of the given SV.
SV* SvREFCNTinc(SV* sv)
SvROK Tests if the SV is an RV.
bool SvROK(SV* sv)
SvROKoff
Unsets the RV status of an SV.
void SvROKoff(SV* sv)
SvROKon
Tells an SV that it is an RV.
void SvROKon(SV* sv)
SvRV Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
SV* SvRV(SV* sv)
SvSTASH Returns the stash of the SV.
HV* SvSTASH(SV* sv)
SvTAINT Taints an SV if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINT(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED
Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if it is, FALSE
if not.
bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
SvTAINTEDoff
Untaints an SV. Be very careful with this routine, as it short-
circuits some of Perl's fundamental security features. XS mod-
ule authors should not use this function unless they fully
understand all the implications of unconditionally untainting
the value. Untainting should be done in the standard perl fash-
ion, via a carefully crafted regexp, rather than directly
untainting variables.
void SvTAINTEDoff(SV* sv)
SvTAINTEDon
Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINTEDon(SV* sv)
SvTRUE Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV
as true or false, defined or undefined. Does not handle 'get'
magic.
bool SvTRUE(SV* sv)
SvTYPE Returns the type of the SV. See "svtype".
svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv)
SvUOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an
unsigned integer.
void SvUOK(SV* sv)
SvUPGRADE
Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses
"svupgrade" to perform the upgrade if necessary. See
"svtype".
void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
SvUTF8 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains UTF-8
encoded data.
bool SvUTF8(SV* sv)
SvUTF8off
Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV.
void SvUTF8off(SV *sv)
SvUTF8on
Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not changed,
just the flag). Do not use frivolously.
void SvUTF8on(SV *sv)
SvUV Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it.
See "SvUVx" for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only
once.
UV SvUV(SV* sv)
SvUVx Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it.
Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient
"SvUV" otherwise.
UV SvUVx(SV* sv)
SvUVX Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without checks or
conversions. Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See
also "SvUV()".
UV SvUVX(SV* sv)
sv2bool
This function is only called on magical items, and is only used
by svtrue() or its macro equivalent.
bool sv2bool(SV* sv)
sv2cv Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV; in addition,
try if possible to set *st and *gvp to the stash and GV associ-
ated with it.
CV* sv2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref)
sv2io Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an SV: the IO slot
if its a GV; or the recursive result if we're an RV; or the IO
slot of the symbol named after the PV if we're a string.
IO* sv2io(SV* sv)
sv2iv Return the integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string
conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the "SvIV(sv)" and
"SvIVx(sv)" macros.
IV sv2iv(SV* sv)
sv2mortal
Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed
"soon", either by an explicit call to FRETMPS, or by an
implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. SvTEMP()
is turned on which means that the SV's string buffer can be
"stolen" if this SV is copied. See also "svnewmortal" and
"svmortalcopy".
SV* sv2mortal(SV* sv)
sv2nv Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary string or
integer conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the "SvNV(sv)"
and "SvNVx(sv)" macros.
NV sv2nv(SV* sv)
sv2pvbyte
Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV,
and set *lp to its length. May cause the SV to be downgraded
from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte" macro.
char* sv2pvbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv2pvbytenolen
Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV.
May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbytenolen" macro.
char* sv2pvbytenolen(SV* sv)
sv2pvutf8
Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV,
and set *lp to its length. May cause the SV to be upgraded to
UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8" macro.
char* sv2pvutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv2pvutf8nolen
Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV.
May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8nolen" macro.
char* sv2pvutf8nolen(SV* sv)
sv2pvflags
Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV, and sets *lp to
its length. If flags includes SVGMAGIC, does an mgget()
first. Coerces sv to a string if necessary. Normally invoked
via the "SvPVflags" macro. "sv2pv()" and "sv2pvnomg" usu-
ally end up here too.
char* sv2pvflags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
sv2pvnolen
Like "sv2pv()", but doesn't return the length too. You should
usually use the macro wrapper "SvPVnolen(sv)" instead.
char* sv2pvnolen(SV* sv)
sv2uv Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing any necessary
string conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the "SvUV(sv)"
and "SvUVx(sv)" macros.
UV sv2uv(SV* sv)
svbackoff
Remove any string offset. You should normally use the
"SvOKoff" macro wrapper instead.
int svbackoff(SV* sv)
svbless
Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an RV.
The package must be designated by its stash (see
"gvstashpv()"). The reference count of the SV is unaffected.
SV* svbless(SV* sv, HV* stash)
svcatpv
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in
the SV. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes
appended should be valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not
'set' magic. See "svcatpvmg".
void svcatpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
svcatpvf
Processes its arguments like "sprintf" and appends the format-
ted output to an SV. If the appended data contains "wide"
characters (including, but not limited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV
formatted with %s, and characters >255 formatted with %c), the
original SV might get upgraded to UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic,
but not 'set' magic. See "svcatpvfmg".
void svcatpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
svcatpvfmg
Like "svcatpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svcatpvfmg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
svcatpvn
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in
the SV. The "len" indicates number of bytes to copy. If the
SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be
valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See
"svcatpvnmg".
void svcatpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
svcatpvnflags
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in
the SV. The "len" indicates number of bytes to copy. If the
SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be
valid UTF-8. If "flags" has "SVGMAGIC" bit set, will "mgget"
on "dsv" if appropriate, else not. "svcatpvn" and "svcat-
pvnnomg" are implemented in terms of this function.
void svcatpvnflags(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
svcatpvnmg
Like "svcatpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svcatpvnmg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
svcatpvnnomg
Like "svcatpvn" but doesn't process magic.
void svcatpvnnomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
svcatpvmg
Like "svcatpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svcatpvmg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
svcatsv
Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the end of the
string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv" but not "ssv". Handles
'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See "svcatsvmg".
void svcatsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
svcatsvflags
Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the end of the
string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv" but not "ssv". If "flags"
has "SVGMAGIC" bit set, will "mgget" on the SVs if appropri-
ate, else not. "svcatsv" and "svcatsvnomg" are implemented
in terms of this function.
void svcatsvflags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
svcatsvmg
Like "svcatsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svcatsvmg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
svcatsvnomg
Like "svcatsv" but doesn't process magic.
void svcatsvnomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
svchop Efficient removal of characters from the beginning of the
string buffer. SvPOK(sv) must be true and the "ptr" must be a
pointer to somewhere inside the string buffer. The "ptr"
becomes the first character of the adjusted string. Uses the
"OK hack". Beware: after this function returns, "ptr" and
SvPVX(sv) may no longer refer to the same chunk of data.
void svchop(SV* sv, char* ptr)
svclear
Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any memory used by
the body, and free the body itself. The SV's head is not freed,
although its type is set to all 1's so that it won't inadver-
tently be assumed to be live during global destruction etc.
This function should only be called when REFCNT is zero. Most
of the time you'll want to call "svfree()" (or its macro wrap-
per "SvREFCNTdec") instead.
void svclear(SV* sv)
svcmp Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1 indicat-
ing whether the string in "sv1" is less than, equal to, or
greater than the string in "sv2". Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes'
aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings
if necessary. See also "svcmplocale".
I32 svcmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
svcmplocale
Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware manner. Is
UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce
its args to strings if necessary. See also "svcmplocale".
See also "svcmp".
I32 svcmplocale(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
svcollxfrm
Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't already have
it.
Any scalar variable may carry PERLMAGICcollxfrm magic that
contains the scalar data of the variable, but transformed to
such a format that a normal memory comparison can be used to
compare the data according to the locale settings.
char* svcollxfrm(SV* sv, STRLEN* nxp)
svcopypv
Copies a stringified representation of the source SV into the
destination SV. Automatically performs any necessary mgget
and coercion of numeric values into strings. Guaranteed to
preserve UTF-8 flag even from overloaded objects. Similar in
nature to sv2pv[flags] but operates directly on an SV instead
of just the string. Mostly uses sv2pvflags to do its work,
except when that would lose the UTF-8'ness of the PV.
void svcopypv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
svdec Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric
conversion if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.
void svdec(SV* sv)
svderivedfrom
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is derived from the
specified class. This is the function that implements "UNIVER-
SAL::isa". It works for class names as well as for objects.
bool svderivedfrom(SV* sv, const char* name)
sveq Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two SVs
are identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get
magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary.
I32 sveq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
svforcenormal
Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared
string, make a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if
we're a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg. See also "svforcenor-
malflags".
void svforcenormal(SV *sv)
svforcenormalflags
Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared
string, make a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if
we're a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg. The "flags" parameter gets
passed to "svunrefflags()" when unrefing. "svforcenormal"
calls this function with flags set to 0.
void svforcenormalflags(SV *sv, U32 flags)
svfree Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops to zero,
call "svclear" to invoke destructors and free up any memory
used by the body; finally, deallocate the SV's head itself.
Normally called via a wrapper macro "SvREFCNTdec".
void svfree(SV* sv)
svgets Get a line from the filehandle and store it into the SV,
optionally appending to the currently-stored string.
char* svgets(SV* sv, PerlIO* fp, I32 append)
svgrow Expands the character buffer in the SV. If necessary, uses
"svunref" and upgrades the SV to "SVtPV". Returns a pointer
to the character buffer. Use the "SvGROW" wrapper instead.
char* svgrow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen)
svinc Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric
conversion if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.
void svinc(SV* sv)
svinsert
Inserts a string at the specified offset/length within the SV.
Similar to the Perl substr() function.
void svinsert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, char* little, STRLEN littlelen)
svisa Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into the
specified class. This does not check for subtypes; use
"svderivedfrom" to verify an inheritance relationship.
int svisa(SV* sv, const char* name)
svisobject
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV pointing
to a blessed object. If the SV is not an RV, or if the object
is not blessed, then this will return false.
int svisobject(SV* sv)
sviv A private implementation of the "SvIVx" macro for compilers
which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
IV sviv(SV* sv)
svlen Returns the length of the string in the SV. Handles magic and
type coercion. See also "SvCUR", which gives raw access to the
xpvcur slot.
STRLEN svlen(SV* sv)
svlenutf8
Returns the number of characters in the string in an SV, count-
ing wide UTF-8 bytes as a single character. Handles magic and
type coercion.
STRLEN svlenutf8(SV* sv)
svmagic
Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades "sv" to type "SVtPVMG" if
necessary, then adds a new magic item of type "how" to the head
of the magic list.
See "svmagicext" (which "svmagic" now calls) for a descrip-
tion of the handling of the "name" and "namlen" arguments.
void svmagic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen)
svmagicext
Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary. Applies the
supplied vtable and returns a pointer to the magic added.
Note that "svmagicext" will allow things that "svmagic" will
not. In particular, you can add magic to SvREADONLY SVs, and
add more than one instance of the same 'how'.
If "namlen" is greater than zero then a "savepvn" copy of
"name" is stored, if "namlen" is zero then "name" is stored as-
is and - as another special case - if "(name && namlen ==
HEfSVKEY)" then "name" is assumed to contain an "SV*" and is
stored as-is with its REFCNT incremented.
(This is now used as a subroutine by "svmagic".)
MAGIC * svmagicext(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, MGVTBL *vtbl, const char* name, I32 namlen )
svmortalcopy
Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV (using
"svsetsv"). The new SV is marked as mortal. It will be
destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to FRETMPS, or by
an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. See
also "svnewmortal" and "sv2mortal".
SV* svmortalcopy(SV* oldsv)
svnewmortal
Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The reference count of
the SV is set to 1. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an
explicit call to FRETMPS, or by an implicit call at places
such as statement boundaries. See also "svmortalcopy" and
"sv2mortal".
SV* svnewmortal()
svnewref
Increment an SV's reference count. Use the "SvREFCNTinc()"
wrapper instead.
SV* svnewref(SV* sv)
svnv A private implementation of the "SvNVx" macro for compilers
which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
NV svnv(SV* sv)
svposb2u
Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of bytes
from the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent num-
ber of UTF-8 chars. Handles magic and type coercion.
void svposb2u(SV* sv, I32* offsetp)
svposu2b
Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of UTF-8
chars from the start of the string, to a count of the equiva-
lent number of bytes; if lenp is non-zero, it does the same to
lenp, but this time starting from the offset, rather than from
the start of the string. Handles magic and type coercion.
void svposu2b(SV* sv, I32* offsetp, I32* lenp)
svpv Use the "SvPVnolen" macro instead
char* svpv(SV *sv)
svpvbyte
Use "SvPVbytenolen" instead.
char* svpvbyte(SV *sv)
svpvbyten
A private implementation of the "SvPVbyte" macro for compilers
which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
char* svpvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
svpvbytenforce
A private implementation of the "SvPVbytexforce" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions.
Always use the macro instead.
char* svpvbytenforce(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
svpvn A private implementation of the "SvPV" macro for compilers
which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
char* svpvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
svpvnforce
Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. A private imple-
mentation of the "SvPVforce" macro for compilers which can't
cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
instead.
char* svpvnforce(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
svpvnforceflags
Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. If "flags" has
"SVGMAGIC" bit set, will "mgget" on "sv" if appropriate, else
not. "svpvnforce" and "svpvnforcenomg" are implemented in
terms of this function. You normally want to use the various
wrapper macros instead: see "SvPVforce" and "SvPVforcenomg"
char* svpvnforceflags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
svpvutf8
Use the "SvPVutf8nolen" macro instead
char* svpvutf8(SV *sv)
svpvutf8n
A private implementation of the "SvPVutf8" macro for compilers
which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
char* svpvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
svpvutf8nforce
A private implementation of the "SvPVutf8force" macro for com-
pilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always
use the macro instead.
char* svpvutf8nforce(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
svreftype
Returns a string describing what the SV is a reference to.
char* svreftype(SV* sv, int ob)
svreplace
Make the first argument a copy of the second, then delete the
original. The target SV physically takes over ownership of the
body of the source SV and inherits its flags; however, the tar-
get keeps any magic it owns, and any magic in the source is
discarded. Note that this is a rather specialist SV copying
operation; most of the time you'll want to use "svsetsv" or
one of its many macro front-ends.
void svreplace(SV* sv, SV* nsv)
svreportused
Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed. (Debugging aid).
void svreportused()
svreset
Underlying implementation for the "reset" Perl function. Note
that the perl-level function is vaguely deprecated.
void svreset(char* s, HV* stash)
svrvweaken
Weaken a reference: set the "SvWEAKREF" flag on this RV; give
the referred-to SV "PERLMAGICbackref" magic if it hasn't
already; and push a back-reference to this RV onto the array of
backreferences associated with that magic.
SV* svrvweaken(SV *sv)
svsetiv
Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading first if neces-
sary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also "svsetivmg".
void svsetiv(SV* sv, IV num)
svsetivmg
Like "svsetiv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svsetivmg(SV *sv, IV i)
svsetnv
Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first if neces-
sary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also "svsetnvmg".
void svsetnv(SV* sv, NV num)
svsetnvmg
Like "svsetnv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svsetnvmg(SV *sv, NV num)
svsetpv
Copies a string into an SV. The string must be null-termi-
nated. Does not handle 'set' magic. See "svsetpvmg".
void svsetpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
svsetpvf
Works like "svcatpvf" but copies the text into the SV instead
of appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See "svset-
pvfmg".
void svsetpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
svsetpvfmg
Like "svsetpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svsetpvfmg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
svsetpviv
Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating its string
value. Does not handle 'set' magic. See "svsetpvivmg".
void svsetpviv(SV* sv, IV num)
svsetpvivmg
Like "svsetpviv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svsetpvivmg(SV *sv, IV iv)
svsetpvn
Copies a string into an SV. The "len" parameter indicates the
number of bytes to be copied. If the "ptr" argument is NUL
the SV will become undefined. Does not handle 'set' magic.
See "svsetpvnmg".
void svsetpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
svsetpvnmg
Like "svsetpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svsetpvnmg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
svsetpvmg
Like "svsetpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svsetpvmg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
svsetrefiv
Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV.
The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be
modified to point to the new SV. The "classname" argument
indicates the package for the blessing. Set "classname" to
"Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a refer-
ence count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* svsetrefiv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv)
svsetrefnv
Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The
"rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modi-
fied to point to the new SV. The "classname" argument indi-
cates the package for the blessing. Set "classname" to
"Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a refer-
ence count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* svsetrefnv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv)
svsetrefpv
Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV.
The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be
modified to point to the new SV. If the "pv" argument is NUL
then "PLsvundef" will be placed into the SV. The "classname"
argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set "class-
name" to "Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have
a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV,
because those objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy
process.
Note that "svsetrefpvn" copies the string while this copies
the pointer.
SV* svsetrefpv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv)
svsetrefpvn
Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The
length of the string must be specified with "n". The "rv"
argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified
to point to the new SV. The "classname" argument indicates the
package for the blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch" to avoid
the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and
the RV will be returned.
Note that "svsetrefpv" copies the pointer while this copies
the string.
SV* svsetrefpvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, char* pv, STRLEN n)
svsetrefuv
Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, optionally blessing
the SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV
will be modified to point to the new SV. The "classname" argu-
ment indicates the package for the blessing. Set "classname"
to "Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a ref-
erence count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* svsetrefuv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv)
svsetsv
Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into the destination
SV "dsv". The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so
don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused.
Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a
copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of the desti-
nation.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers,
such as "SvSetSV", "SvSetSVnosteal", "SvSetMagicSV" and
"SvSetMagicSVnosteal".
void svsetsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
svsetsvflags
Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into the destination
SV "dsv". The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so
don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused.
Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a
copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of the desti-
nation. If the "flags" parameter has the "SVGMAGIC" bit set,
will "mgget" on "ssv" if appropriate, else not. If the "flags"
parameter has the "NOSTEAL" bit set then the buffers of temps
will not be stolen. and "svsetsvnomg" are imple-
mented in terms of this function.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers,
such as "SvSetSV", "SvSetSVnosteal", "SvSetMagicSV" and
"SvSetMagicSVnosteal".
This is the primary function for copying scalars, and most
other copy-ish functions and macros use this underneath.
void svsetsvflags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
svsetsvmg
Like "svsetsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svsetsvmg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
svsetsvnomg
Like "svsetsv" but doesn't process magic.
void svsetsvnomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
svsetuv
Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV, upgrading first
if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also
"svsetuvmg".
void svsetuv(SV* sv, UV num)
svsetuvmg
Like "svsetuv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svsetuvmg(SV *sv, UV u)
svtaint
Taint an SV. Use "SvTAINTEDon" instead.
void svtaint(SV* sv)
svtainted
Test an SV for taintedness. Use "SvTAINTED" instead.
bool svtainted(SV* sv)
svtrue Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's rules. Use
the "SvTRUE" macro instead, which may call "svtrue()" or may
instead use an in-line version.
I32 svtrue(SV *sv)
svunmagic
Removes all magic of type "type" from an SV.
int svunmagic(SV* sv, int type)
svunref
Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference
count of whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can
almost be thought of as a reversal of "newSVrv". This is
"svunrefflags" with the "flag" being zero. See "SvROKoff".
void svunref(SV* sv)
svunrefflags
Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference
count of whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can
almost be thought of as a reversal of "newSVrv". The "cflags"
argument can contain "SVIMEDIATEUNREF" to force the refer-
ence count to be decremented (otherwise the decrementing is
conditional on the reference count being different from one or
the reference being a readonly SV). See "SvROKoff".
void svunrefflags(SV* sv, U32 flags)
svuntaint
Untaint an SV. Use "SvTAINTEDoff" instead.
void svuntaint(SV* sv)
svupgrade
Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally adds a new
body type to the SV, then copies across as much information as
possible from the old body. You generally want to use the
"SvUPGRADE" macro wrapper. See also "svtype".
bool svupgrade(SV* sv, U32 mt)
svusepvn
Tells an SV to use "ptr" to find its string value. Normally
the string is stored inside the SV but svusepvn allows the SV
to use an outside string. The "ptr" should point to memory
that was allocated by "malloc". The string length, "len", must
be supplied. This function will realloc the memory pointed to
by "ptr", so that pointer should not be freed or used by the
programmer after giving it to svusepvn. Does not handle 'set'
magic. See "svusepvnmg".
void svusepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
svusepvnmg
Like "svusepvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void svusepvnmg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
svutf8decode
If the PV of the SV is an octet sequence in UTF-8 and contains
a multiple-byte character, the "SvUTF8" flag is turned on so
that it looks like a character. If the PV contains only single-
byte characters, the "SvUTF8" flag stays being off. Scans PV
for validity and returns false if the PV is invalid UTF-8.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
removed without notice.
bool svutf8decode(SV *sv)
svutf8downgrade
Attempts to convert the PV of an SV from characters to bytes.
If the PV contains a character beyond byte, this conversion
will fail; in this case, either returns false or, if "failok"
is not true, croaks.
This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte encoding
interface: use the Encode extension for that.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
removed without notice.
bool svutf8downgrade(SV *sv, bool failok)
svutf8encode
Converts the PV of an SV to UTF-8, but then turns the "SvUTF8"
flag off so that it looks like octets again.
void svutf8encode(SV *sv)
svutf8upgrade
Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces the
SV to string form if it is not already. Always sets the SvUTF8
flag to avoid future validity checks even if all the bytes have
hibit clear.
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode
interface: use the Encode extension for that.
STRLEN svutf8upgrade(SV *sv)
svutf8upgradeflags
Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces the
SV to string form if it is not already. Always sets the SvUTF8
flag to avoid future validity checks even if all the bytes have
hibit clear. If "flags" has "SVGMAGIC" bit set, will "mgget"
on "sv" if appropriate, else not. "svutf8upgrade" and
"svutf8upgradenomg" are implemented in terms of this func-
tion.
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode
interface: use the Encode extension for that.
STRLEN svutf8upgradeflags(SV *sv, I32 flags)
svuv A private implementation of the "SvUVx" macro for compilers
which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
UV svuv(SV* sv)
svvcatpvf
Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and appends the format-
ted output to an SV. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
"svvcatpvfmg".
Usually used via its frontend "svcatpvf".
void svvcatpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, valist* args)
svvcatpvfn
Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and appends the format-
ted output to an SV. Uses an array of SVs if the C style vari-
able argument list is missing (NUL). When running with taint
checks enabled, indicates via "maybetainted" if results are
untrustworthy (often due to the use of locales).
Usually used via one of its frontends "svvcatpvf" and
"svvcatpvfmg".
void svvcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, valist* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybetainted)
svvcatpvfmg
Like "svvcatpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "svcatpvfmg".
void svvcatpvfmg(SV* sv, const char* pat, valist* args)
svvsetpvf
Works like "svvcatpvf" but copies the text into the SV instead
of appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See "svvset-
pvfmg".
Usually used via its frontend "svsetpvf".
void svvsetpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, valist* args)
svvsetpvfn
Works like "svvcatpvfn" but copies the text into the SV
instead of appending it.
Usually used via one of its frontends "svvsetpvf" and
"svvsetpvfmg".
void svvsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, valist* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybetainted)
svvsetpvfmg
Like "svvsetpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "svsetpvfmg".
void svvsetpvfmg(SV* sv, const char* pat, valist* args)
Unicode Support
bytesfromutf8
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from UTF-8 into byte
encoding. Unlike but like "bytestoutf8",
returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and updates
"len" to contain the new length. Returns the original string
if no conversion occurs, "len" is unchanged. Do nothing if
"isutf8" points to 0. Sets "isutf8" to 0 if "s" is converted
or contains all 7bit characters.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
removed without notice.
U8* bytesfromutf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *isutf8)
bytestoutf8
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from ASCI into UTF-8
encoding. Returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and
sets "len" to reflect the new length.
If you want to convert to UTF-8 from other encodings than
ASCI, see svrecodetoutf8().
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
removed without notice.
U8* bytestoutf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
ibcmputf8
Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ case-insensitively,
false if not (if they are equal case-insensitively). If u1 is
true, the string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode.
If u2 is true, the string s2 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded
Unicode. If u1 or u2 are false, the respective string is
assumed to be in native 8-bit encoding.
If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NUL, the scanning pointers will be
copied in there (they will point at the beginning of the next
character). If the pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NUL,
they are the end pointers beyond which scanning will not con-
tinue under any circumstances. If the byte lengths l1 and l2
are non-zero, s1]l1 and s2]l2 will be used as goal end pointers
that will also stop the scan, and which qualify towards defin-
ing a successful match: all the scans that define an explicit
length must reach their goal pointers for a match to succeed).
For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used
instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see
http:/www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).
I32 ibcmputf8(const char* a, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char* b, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
isutf8char
Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8
character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCI) character is a
valid UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8
character will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
STRLEN isutf8char(U8 *p)
isutf8string
Returns true if first "len" bytes of the given string form a
valid UTF-8 string, false otherwise. Note that 'a valid UTF-8
string' does not mean 'a string that contains code points above
0x7F encoded in UTF-8' because a valid ASCI string is a valid
UTF-8 string.
bool isutf8string(U8 *s, STRLEN len)
isutf8stringloc
Like isut8string but store the location of the failure in the
last argument.
bool isutf8stringloc(U8 *s, STRLEN len, U8 **p)
pvunidisplay
Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string
spv, length len, the displayable version being at most pvlim
bytes long (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be
appended).
The flags argument can have UNIDISPLAYISPRINT set to display
isPRINT()able characters as themselves, UNIDISPLAYBACKSLASH
to display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like
'\n') (UNIDISPLAYBACKSLASH is preferred over UNIDIS-
PLAYISPRINT for \\). UNIDISPLAYQ (and its alias UNIDIS-
PLAYREGEX) have both UNIDISPLAYBACKSLASH and UNIDIS-
PLAYISPRINT turned on.
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* pvunidisplay(SV *dsv, U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
svcatdecode
The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, the PV of the
ssv is assumed to be octets in that encoding and decoding the
input starts from the position which (PV ] *offset) pointed to.
The dsv will be concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from ssv.
Decoding will terminate when the string tstr appears in decod-
ing output or the input ends on the PV of the ssv. The value
which the offset points will be modified to the last input
position on the ssv.
Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else returns FALSE.
bool svcatdecode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen)
svrecodetoutf8
The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on entry the PV
of the sv is assumed to be octets in that encoding, and the sv
will be converted into Unicode (and UTF-8).
If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK), or if the
encoding is not a reference, nothing is done to the sv. If the
encoding is not an "Encode::XS" Encoding object, bad things
will happen. (See lib/encoding.pm and Encode).
The PV of the sv is returned.
char* svrecodetoutf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)
svunidisplay
Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar sv,
the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long (if
longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
The flags argument is as in pvunidisplay().
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* svunidisplay(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
toutf8case
The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string encoding the
character that is being converted.
The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to put the
conversion result to. The "lenp" is a pointer to the length of
the result.
The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
Both the special and normal mappings are stored lib/uni-
core/To/Foo.pl, and loaded by SWASHGET, using
lib/utf8heavy.pl. The special (usually, but not always, a
multicharacter mapping), is tried first.
The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower", which means
the hash %utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is through
Perltoutf8case().
The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means the swash
%utf8::ToLower.
UV toutf8case(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swash, char *normal, char *special)
toutf8fold
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase ver-
sion and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes
in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least
UTF8MAXLENFOLD]1 bytes since the foldcase version may be
longer than the original character (up to three characters).
The first character of the foldcased version is returned (but
note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
UV toutf8fold(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
toutf8lower
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase ver-
sion and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes
in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least
UTF8MAXLENUCLC]1 bytes since the lowercase version may be
longer than the original character (up to two characters).
The first character of the lowercased version is returned (but
note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
UV toutf8lower(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
toutf8title
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase ver-
sion and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes
in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least
UTF8MAXLENUCLC]1 bytes since the titlecase version may be
longer than the original character (up to two characters).
The first character of the titlecased version is returned (but
note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
UV toutf8title(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
toutf8upper
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase ver-
sion and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes
in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least
UTF8MAXLENUCLC]1 bytes since the uppercase version may be
longer than the original character (up to two characters).
The first character of the uppercased version is returned (but
note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
UV toutf8upper(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
utf8ntouvchr
Returns the native character value of the first character in
the string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding;
"retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that charac-
ter.
Allows length and flags to be passed to low level routine.
UV utf8ntouvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN* retlen, U32 flags)
utf8ntouvuni
Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine. Returns the unicode code
point value of the first character in the string "s" which is
assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding and no longer than "curlen";
"retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that charac-
ter.
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, the be-
haviour is dependent on the value of "flags": if it contains
UTF8CHECKONLY, it is assumed that the caller will raise a
warning, and this function will silently just set "retlen" to
"-1" and return zero. If the "flags" does not contain
UTF8CHECKONLY, warnings about malformations will be given,
"retlen" will be set to the expected length of the UTF-8 char-
acter in bytes, and zero will be returned.
The "flags" can also contain various flags to allow deviations
from the strict UTF-8 encoding (see utf8.h).
Most code should use utf8touvchr() rather than call this
directly.
UV utf8ntouvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN* retlen, U32 flags)
utf8distance
Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8 point-
ers "a" and "b".
WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside
the same UTF-8 buffer.
IV utf8distance(U8 *a, U8 *b)
utf8hop
Return the UTF-8 pointer "s" displaced by "off" characters,
either forward or backward.
WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* "off" is
within the UTF-8 data pointed to by "s" *and* that on entry "s"
is aligned on the first byte of character or just after the
last byte of a character.
U8* utf8hop(U8 *s, I32 off)
utf8length
Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string "s" in char-
acters. Stops at "e" (inclusive). If "e < s" or if the scan
would end up past "e", croaks.
STRLEN utf8length(U8* s, U8 *e)
utf8tobytes
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from UTF-8 into byte
encoding. Unlike "bytestoutf8", this over-writes the origi-
nal string, and updates len to contain the new length. Returns
zero on failure, setting "len" to -1.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
removed without notice.
U8* utf8tobytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
utf8touvchr
Returns the native character value of the first character in
the string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding;
"retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that charac-
ter.
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
UV utf8touvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN* retlen)
utf8touvuni
Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the
string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen"
will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
This function should only be used when returned UV is consid-
ered an index into the Unicode semantic tables (e.g. swashes).
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
UV utf8touvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN* retlen)
uvchrtoutf8
Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native codepoint "uv" to
the end of the string "d"; "d" should be have at least
"UTF8MAXLEN]1" free bytes available. The return value is the
pointer to the byte after the end of the new character. In
other words,
d = uvchrtoutf8(d, uv);
is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying
*(d]) = uv;
U8* uvchrtoutf8(U8 *d, UV uv)
uvunitoutf8flags
Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode codepoint "uv" to
the end of the string "d"; "d" should be have at least
"UTF8MAXLEN]1" free bytes available. The return value is the
pointer to the byte after the end of the new character. In
other words,
d = uvunitoutf8flags(d, uv, flags);
or, in most cases,
d = uvunitoutf8(d, uv);
(which is equivalent to)
d = uvunitoutf8flags(d, uv, 0);
is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
*(d]) = uv;
U8* uvunitoutf8flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
Variables created by ""xsubpp"" and "xsubpp" internal functions
ax Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate the stack base
offset, used by the "ST", "XSprePUSH" and "XSRETURN" macros.
The "dMARK" macro must be called prior to setup the "MARK"
variable.
I32 ax
CLAS Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate the class name
for a C] XS constructor. This is always a "char*". See
"THIS".
char* CLAS
dAX Sets up the "ax" variable. This is usually handled automati-
cally by "xsubpp" by calling "dXSARGS".
dAX;
dITEMS Sets up the "items" variable. This is usually handled automat-
ically by "xsubpp" by calling "dXSARGS".
dITEMS;
dXSARGS Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP and
dMARK. Sets up the "ax" and "items" variables by calling "dAX"
and "dITEMS". This is usually handled automatically by
"xsubpp".
dXSARGS;
dXSI32 Sets up the "ix" variable for an XSUB which has aliases. This
is usually handled automatically by "xsubpp".
dXSI32;
items Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate the number of
items on the stack. See "Variable-length Parameter Lists" in
perlxs.
I32 items
ix Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate which of an
XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it. See "The ALIAS: Keyword"
in perlxs.
I32 ix
newXSproto
Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. Adds Perl pro-
totypes to the subs.
RETVAL Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to hold the return value
for an XSUB. This is always the proper type for the XSUB. See
"The RETVAL Variable" in perlxs.
(whatever) RETVAL
ST Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
SV* ST(int ix)
THIS Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to designate the object in
a C] XSUB. This is always the proper type for the C] object.
See "CLAS" and "Using XS With C]" in perlxs.
(whatever) THIS
XS Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list. This is
handled by "xsubpp".
XSVERSION
The version identifier for an XS module. This is usually han-
dled automatically by "ExtUtils::MakeMaker". See "XSVER-
SIONBOTCHECK".
XSVERSIONBOTCHECK
Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable matches
the XS module's "XSVERSION" variable. This is usually handled
automatically by "xsubpp". See "The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword" in
perlxs.
XSVERSIONBOTCHECK;
Warning and Dieing
croak This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's "die" function.
Normally call this function the same way you call the C
"printf" function. Calling "croak" returns control directly to
Perl, sidestepping the normal C order of execution. See "warn".
If you want to throw an exception object, assign the object to
$@ and then pass "Nullch" to croak():
errsv = getsv("@", TRUE);
svsetsv(errsv, exceptionobject);
croak(Nullch);
void croak(const char* pat, ...)
warn This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's "warn" function.
Call this function the same way you call the C "printf" func-
tion. See "croak".
void warn(const char* pat, ...)
AUTHORS
Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto
. It is now maintained as part of Perl itself.
With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie,
Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil Bow-
ers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer, Stephen
McCamant, and Gurusamy Sarathy.
API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich .
Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by Benjamin
Stuhl.
SEE ALSO
perlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)
perl v5.8.6 2004-11-05 PERLAPI(1)
|
