User Commands cdrw(1)
NAME
cdrw - CD read and write
SYNOPSIS
cdrw -i [-vSCO] [-d device] [-p speed] [image-file]
cdrw -a [-vSCO] [-d device] [-p speed] [-T audio-type] audio-file1
[audio-file2]...
cdrw -x [-v] [-d device] [-T audio-type] track-number out-file
cdrw -c [-vSC] [-d device] [-p speed] [-m tmp-dir]
[-s src-device]
cdrw -b [-v] [-d device] all session fast
cdrw -L [-v] [-d device]
cdrw -M [-v] [-d device]
cdrw -l [-v]
cdrw -h
DESCRIPTION
The cdrw command provides the ability to create data and
audio CDs. This command also provides the ability to extract
audio tracks from an audio CD and to create data DVDs. The
CD or DVD device must be MC-compliant to create a CD or DVD
with the cdrw command.
cdrw searches for a CD or DVD writer connected to the sys-
tem, unless you specify a device with the -d option. If cdrw
finds a single such device, it uses that device as the
default CD or DVD writer for the command.
When more than one CD or DVD writer is connected to the sys-
tem, use the -d option to indicate which device is desired.
The device name can be specified in one of the following
ways: /dev/rdsk/cNtNdNsN, cNtNdNsN, cNtNdN, or a name used
by volume manager, such as cdrom or cdrom1. Using the -l
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 1
User Commands cdrw(1)
option provides a list of CD or DVD writers.
For instructions on adding a USB-mass-storage-class-
compliant CD-RW or DVD-RW device to your system, see
scsa2usb(7D).
Creating Data CDs
When creating data CDs, cdrw uses the Track-At-Once mode of
writing. Use the -i option to specify a file that contains
the data to write on CD media. If you don't specify this
option, cdrw reads data from standard input.
In either case, the data is typically prepared by using the
mkisofs command to convert the file and file information
into the High Sierra format used on CDs. See the examples
that include use of this command.
Creating Data DVDs
cdrw can create single-session data DVDs on DVD]RW or DVD-RW
devices using images generated from mkisofs. These disks can
be mounted as HSFS file systems. When making data DVDs, cdrw
uses Disk-At-Once (DAO) mode of writing, which closes the
media when writing is completed and prevents any further
sessions from being added. The image should be prepared in
advance when writing an image to the DVD media since DAO
mode requires that the size of the image be known in
advance.
Creating Audio CDs
Use the -a option to create an audio CD. Single or multiple
audio files can be specified with this option. All of the
audio files should be in a supported audio format. Currently
approved formats are:
sun Sun .au files with data in Red Book CDA form
wav RIF (.wav) files with data in Red Book CDA form
cda .cda files having raw CD audio data (that is, 16 bit
PCM stereo at 44.1 KHz sample rate in little-endian
byte order)
aur .aur files having raw CD data in big-endian byte
order
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 2
User Commands cdrw(1)
If no audio format is specified, cdrw tries to identify the
audio file format based on the file extension. The case of
the characters in the extension is ignored. If a format is
specified using the -T option, it is assumed to be the audio
file type for all the files specified. Also, using the -c
option closes the session after writing the audio tracks.
Therefore, the tracks to be written should be specified in a
single command line.
Extracting Audio
cdrw can also be used for extracting audio data from an
audio CD with the -x option. The CD should have tracks in
Red Book CDA form. By default, the output format is based
on the file extension. A user can specify a sun, wav, cda,
or aur output format with the -T option.
Copying CDs
cdrw can be used to copy single session data CD-ROMs and Red
Book audio CDs. When copying a CD, cdrw looks for a speci-
fied source device. If no source device is specified when
using the -c option, the current CD writer is assumed to be
the source. cdrw extracts the track or tracks into a tem-
porary file and looks for a blank writable CD-R/RW media in
the current CD writer. If no media is found, insert a blank
writable CD media in the current CD writer. If the default
temporary directory does not have enough space, an alternate
directory can be specified by using the -m option.
Erasing CD-RW or DVD-RW Media
Users have to erase the CD-RW media before it can be rewrit-
ten. With the -b option, the following flavors of erasing
are currently supported:
session Erases the last session.
fast Minimally erases the media.
all Erases the entire media.
If the session erasing type is used, cdrw erases the last
session. If there is only one session recorded on the CD-RW
(for example, a data or audio CD-RW created by this tool),
then session erasing only erases the portion that is
recorded, leaving behind a blank disk. This is faster than
erasing the entire media. For DVD media, using the -b ses-
sion erases the whole media.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 3
User Commands cdrw(1)
The fast erasing type minimally erases the entire media by
removing the PMA and TOC of the first session. It does not
erase the user data and subsequent tracks on the media, but
the media is treated as if it were a blank disk. If a com-
plete erase is of the media is necessary, use the all
option.
The all erasing type should be used if it is a multisession
disk, the last session is not closed, or disk status is
unknown, and you want to erase the disk. With this type of
erasing, cdrw erases the entire disk.
DVD]RW media does not support erasing. To re-use DVD]RW
media, simply write a new image onto the media. cdrw formats
and overwrites the existing media automatically.
Checking device-list or media-status
You can list a system's CD or DVD writers by using the -l
option. Also, for a particular media, you can get the blank-
ing status and table of contents by using the -M option. The
-M option also prints information about the last session's
start address and the next writable address. This informa-
tion, along with the -O option, can be used to create mul-
tisession CDs. Refer to the mkisofs(8) man page,
(/usr/share/man/man8/mkisofs.8), in the SUNWfsman package
for more information.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-a Creates an audio disk. At least one audio-file name
must be specified. A CD can not have more than 99
audio tracks, so no more than 99 audio files can be
specified.
-b Blanks CD-RW or DVD-RW media. The type of erasing must
be specified by the all, fast, or session argument.
DVD]RW media does not support blanking, but can be
rewritten without the need for blanking.
-c Copies a CD. If no other argument is specified, the
default CD writing device is assumed to be the source
device as well. In this case, the copy operation reads
the source media into a temporary directory and
prompts you to place a blank media into the drive for
the copy operation to proceed.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 4
User Commands cdrw(1)
-C This option is obsolete.
This option used to causecdrw to query the drive to
determine media capacity. This is now the default
behavior.
-d Specifies the CD or DVD writing device.
-h Help. Prints usage message.
-i Specifies the image file for creating data CDs or
DVDs. The file size should be less than what can be
written on the media. Also, consider having the file
locally available instead of having the file on an
NFS-mounted file system. The CD writing process
expects data to be available continuously without
interruptions.
-l Lists all the CD or DVD writers available on the sys-
tem.
-L Closes the disk. If the media was left in an open
state after the last write operation, it is closed to
prevent any further writing. This operation can only
be done on re-writable CD-RW media.
-m Uses an alternate temporary directory instead of the
default temporary directory for storing track data
while copying a CD or DVD. An alternate temporary
directory might be required because the amount of data
on a CD can be huge. For example, the amount of data
can be as much as 800 Mbytes for an 80 minute audio CD
and 4.7 Gbytes for a DVD. The default temporary direc-
tory might not have that much space available.
-M Reports media status. cdrw reports if the media is
blank or not, its table of contents, the last
session's start address, and the next writable address
if the disk is open. DVD]RW does not support erasing
and always has some content on the media.
-O Keeps the disk open. cdrw closes the session, but it
keeps the disk open so that another session can be
added later on to create a multisession disk.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 5
User Commands cdrw(1)
-p Sets the CD writing speed. For example, -p 4 sets the
speed to 4X. If this option is not specified, cdrw
uses the default speed of the CD writer. If this
option is specified, cdrw tries to set the drive write
speed to this value, but there is no guarantee of the
actual speed that is used by the drive.
-s Specifies the source device for copying a CD or DVD.
-S Simulation mode. In this mode, cdrw operates with the
drive laser turned off, so nothing is written to the
media. Use this option to verify if the system can
provide data at a rate good enough for CD writing.
CD-R, CD-RW (not MRW formatted), DVD-R, and DVD-RW
media support simulation mode (-S). DVD-RAM, DVD]R,
DVD]RW, any MRW-formatted media, and some others do
not support simulation mode (-S).
-T Audio format to use for extracting audio files or for
reading audio files for audio CD creation. The audio-
type can be sun, wav, cda, or aur.
-v Verbose mode.
-x Extracts audio data from an audio track.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Creating a Data CD or DVD
example% cdrw -i /local/isoimage
Example 2 Creating a CD or DVD from a Directory
This example shows how to create a CD or DVD from the direc-
tory tree /home/foo.
example% mkisofs -r /home/foo 2>/dev/null cdrw -i -p 1
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 6
User Commands cdrw(1)
Example 3 Extracting an Audio Track Number
This example shows how to extract audio track number 1 to
/home/foo/song1.wav.
example% cdrw -x -T wav 1 /home/foo/song1.wav
Example 4 Using wav Files
This example shows how to create an audio CD from wav files
on disk.
example% cdrw -a song1.wav song2.wav song3.wav song4.wav
Example 5 Erasing CD-RW or DVD-RW Media
This example shows how to erase rewritable media.
example% cdrw -b all
Example 6 Creating a Data CD or DVD with Multiple Drives
This example shows how to create a data CD or DVD on a sys-
tem with multiple CD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW drives.
example% cdrw -d c1t6d0s2 -i /home/foo/iso-image
Example 7 Checking Data Delivery Rate
This example shows how to verify that the system can provide
data to a CD-RW or a DVD drive at a rate sufficient for the
write operation.
example% cdrw -S -i /home/foo/iso-image
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 7
User Commands cdrw(1)
Example 8 Running at a Higher Priority
This example shows how to run cdrw at a higher priority (for
root user only).
example# priocntl -e -p 60 cdrw -i /home/foo/iso-image
Example 9 Creating a Multi-session Disk
This examples shows how to create the first session image by
using mkisofs and recording it onto the disk without closing
the disk.
example% cdrw -O -i /home/foo/iso-image
Additional sessions can be added to an open disk by creating
an image with mkisofs using the session start and next writ-
able address reported by cdrw.
example% cdrw -M
Track No. Type Start address
----------]--------]-------------
1 Data 0
Leadout Data 166564
Last session start address: 162140
Next writable address: 173464
example% mkisofs -o /tmp/image2 -r -C 0,173464 -M \
/dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s2 /home/foo
ATRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 8
User Commands cdrw(1)
ATRIBUTE TYPE ATRIBUTE VALUE
Availability SUNWcdrw
SEE ALSO
audioconvert(1), priocntl(1), policy.conf(4), attributes(5),
rbac(5), scsa2usb(7D), sd(7D)
mkisofs(8), (/usr/share/man/man8/mkisofs.8), in the SUNWfs-
man package
System Administration Guide: Devices and File Systems
NOTES
The CD writing process requires data to be supplied at a
constant rate to the drive. Keep I/O activity to a minimum
and shut down any related I/O applications while writing
CDs.
When making copies or extracting audio tracks, use an MC
compliant source CD-ROM drive. The CD writer can be used for
this purpose.
Before writing a CD, ensure that the media is blank by using
the -M option. You can use the -S simulation mode to test
the system to make sure it can provide data at the required
rate. cdrw turns on buffer underrun protection for drives
that support it and recovers from most stalls. If the system
is not able to provide data at a constant rate or frequent
stalling occurs, you can lower the speed by using the -p
option. You can also try to run cdrw at a higher priority by
using the priocntl(1) command.
If you know that the CD-R/RW drive can operate at different
write speeds, use the -p option. Some commercially available
drives handle the drive speed setting command differently,
so use this option judiciously.
The cdrw command uses rbac(5) to control user access to the
devices. By default, cdrw is accessible to all users but can
be restricted to individual users. Refer to the System
Administration Guide: Devices and File Systems for more
information.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 9
User Commands cdrw(1)
To burn CDs as a non-root user hal must be enabled and the
user must be on the console. hal, that is the
svc:/system/hal SMF service, is enabled by default, there-
fore, typically this requires no special action.
The user must be logged onto the console. /dev/console is
also correct. Previously, users could log in remotely, for
example, by using telnet or ssh, and be able to burn CDs.
This would work unless the administrator had changed the
default configuration to deny solaris.device.cdrw authoriza-
tion. See policy.conf(4).
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Jul 2008 10
|
