User Commands ed(1)
NAME
ed, red - text editor
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/ed [-s -] [-p string] [-x] [-C] [file]
/usr/xpg4/bin/ed [-s -] [-p string] [-x] [-C] [file]
/usr/xpg6/bin/ed [-s -] [-p string] [-x] [-C] [file]
/usr/bin/red [-s -] [-p string] [-x] [-C] [file]
DESCRIPTION
The ed utility is the standard text editor. If file is
specified, ed simulates an e command (see below) on the
named file. That is, the file is read into ed's buffer so
that it can be edited.
The ed utility operates on a copy of the file it is editing.
Changes made to the copy have no effect on the file until a
w (write) command is given. The copy of the text being
edited resides in a temporary file called the buffer. There
is only one buffer.
The red utility is a restricted version of ed. It will only
allow editing of files in the current directory. red prohi-
bits executing shell commands via !shell command. Attempts
to bypass these restrictions result in an error message
(restricted shell).
Both ed and red support the fspec(4) formatting capability.
The default terminal mode is either stty -tabs or stty tab3,
where tab stops are set at eight columns (see stty(1)). If,
however, the first line of file contains a format specifica-
tion, that specification will override the default mode. For
example, tab stops would be set at 5, 10, and 15, and a max-
imum line length of 72 would be imposed if the first line of
file contains
<:t5,10,15 s72:>
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User Commands ed(1)
Commands to ed have a simple and regular structure: zero,
one, or two addresses followed by a single-character com-
mand, possibly followed by parameters to that command. These
addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer. Every
command that requires addresses has default addresses, so
that the addresses can very often be omitted.
In general, only one command may appear on a line. Certain
commands allow the input of text. This text is placed in the
appropriate place in the buffer. While ed is accepting text,
it is said to be in input mode. In this mode, no commands
are recognized; all input is merely collected. Leave input
mode by typing a period (.) at the beginning of a line, fol-
lowed immediately by a carriage return.
/usr/bin/ed
If ed executes commands with arguments, it uses the default
shell /usr/bin/sh (see sh(1)).
/usr/xpg4/bin/ed and /usr/xpg6/bin/ed
If ed executes commands with arguments, it uses
/usr/xpg4/bin/sh (see ksh(1)).
Regular Expressions
The ed utility supports a limited form of regular expression
notation. Regular expressions are used in addresses to
specify lines and in some commands (for example, s) to
specify portions of a line that are to be substituted. To
understand addressing in ed, it is necessary to know that at
any time there is a current line. Generally speaking, the
current line is the last line affected by a command. The
exact effect on the current line is discussed under the
description of each command.
Internationalized Basic Regular Expressions are used for all
system-supplied locales. See regex(5).
ed Commands
Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses. Commands
that require no addresses regard the presence of an address
as an error. Commands that accept one or two addresses
assume default addresses when an insufficient number of
addresses is given; if more addresses are given than such a
command requires, the last one(s) are used.
Typically, addresses are separated from each other by a
comma (,). They may also be separated by a semicolon (;). In
the latter case, the first address is calculated, the
current line (.) is set to that value, and then the second
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User Commands ed(1)
address is calculated. This feature can be used to determine
the starting line for forward and backward searches (see
Rules 5 and 6, above). The second address of any two-address
sequence must correspond to a line in the buffer that fol-
lows the line corresponding to the first address.
For /usr/xpg6/gbin/ed, the address can be omitted on either
side of the comma or semicolon separator, in which case the
resulting address pairs are as follows:
Specified Resulting
, 1 , $
, addr 1 , addr
addr , addr , addr
; 1 ; $
; addr 1 ; addr
addr ; addr ; addr
Any s included between addresses, address separators,
or address offsets are ignored.
In the following list of ed commands, the parentheses shown
prior to the command are not part of the address. Rather,
the parentheses show the default address(es) for the com-
mand.
Each address component can be preceded by zero or more blank
characters. The command letter can be preceded by zero or
more blank characters. If a suffix letter (l, n, or p) is
given, it must immediately follow the command.
The e, E, f, r, and w commands take an optional file parame-
ter, separated from the command letter by one or more blank
characters.
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User Commands ed(1)
If changes have been made in the buffer since the last w
command that wrote the entire buffer, ed warns the user if
an attempt is made to destroy the editor buffer via the e or
q commands. The ed utility writes the string:
"?\n"
(followed by an explanatory message if help mode has been
enabled via the H command) to standard output and continues
in command mode with the current line number unchanged. If
the e or q command is repeated with no intervening command,
ed takes effect.
If an end-of-file is detected on standard input when a com-
mand is expected, the ed utility acts as if a q command had
been entered.
It is generally illegal for more than one command to appear
on a line. However, any command (except e, f, r, or w) may
be suffixed by l, n, or p in which case the current line is
either listed, numbered or written, respectively, as dis-
cussed below under the l, n, and p commands.
(.)a The append command accepts zero or more lines of
text and appends it after the addressed line in
. the buffer. The current line (.) is left at the
last inserted line, or, if there were none, at
the addressed line. Address 0 is legal for this
command: it causes the ``appended'' text to be
placed at the beginning of the buffer. The max-
imum number of characters that may be entered
from a terminal is 256 per line (including the
new-line character).
(.,.)c The change command deletes the addressed lines
from the buffer, then accepts zero or more lines
. of text that replaces these lines in the buffer.
The current line (.) is left at the last line
input, or, if there were none, at the first line
that was not deleted. If the lines deleted were
originally at the end of the buffer, the current
line number will be set to the address of the new
last line. If no lines remain in the buffer, the
current line number will be set to 0.
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User Commands ed(1)
/usr/xpg4/bin/ed Address 0 is not legal for
this command.
/usr/xpg6/bin/ed Address 0 is valid for this
command. It is interpreted as
if the address 1 were speci-
fied.
C Same as the X command, described later, except
that ed assumes all text read in for the e and r
commands is encrypted unless a null key is typed
in.
(.,.)d The delete command deletes the addressed lines
from the buffer. The line after the last line
deleted becomes the current line. If the lines
deleted were originally at the end of the buffer,
the new last line becomes the current line. If no
lines remain in the buffer, the current line
number will be set to 0.
e file The edit command deletes the entire contents of
the buffer and then reads the contents of file
into the buffer. The current line (.) is set to
the last line of the buffer. If file is not
given, the currently remembered file name, if
any, is used (see the f command). The number of
bytes read will be written to standard output,
unless the -s option was specified, in the fol-
lowing format:
"%d\n"
file is remembered for possible use as a default
file name in subsequent e, E, r, and w commands.
If file is replaced by !, the rest of the line is
taken to be a shell ( sh(1)) command whose output
is to be read. Such a shell command is not remem-
bered as the current file name. See also DIAG-
NOSTICS below. All marks are discarded upon the
completion of a successful e command. If the
buffer has changed since the last time the entire
buffer was written, the user is warned, as
described previously.
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User Commands ed(1)
E file The Edit command is like e, except that the edi-
tor does not check to see if any changes have
been made to the buffer since the last w command.
f file If file is given, the f command changes the
currently remembered path name to file. Whether
the name is changed or not, the f command then
writes the (possibly new) currently remembered
path name to the standard output in the following
format:
"%s\n"pathname
The current line number is unchanged.
(1,$)g/RE/command list In the global command, the first
step is to mark every line that
matches the given RE. Then, for
every such line, the given command
list is executed with the current
line (.) initially set to that
line. When the g command com-
pletes, the current line number
has the value assigned by the last
command in the command list. If
there were no matching lines, the
current line number is not
changed. A single command or the
first of a list of commands
appears on the same line as the
global command. All lines of a
multi-line list except the last
line must be ended with a
backslash (\); a, i, and c com-
mands and associated input are
permitted. The . terminating input
mode may be omitted if it would be
the last line of the command list.
An empty command list is
equivalent to the p command. The
g, G, v, V, and ! commands are not
permitted in the command list. See
also the NOTES and the last para-
graph before FILES below. Any
character other than space or new-
line can be used instead of a
slash to delimit the RE. Within
the RE, the RE delimiter itself
can be used as a literal character
if it is preceded by a backslash.
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User Commands ed(1)
(1,$)G/RE/ In the interactive Global command,
the first step is to mark every
line that matches the given RE.
Then, for every such line, that
line is written to standard out-
put, the current line (.) is
changed to that line, and any one
command (other than one of the a,
c, i, g, G, v, and V commands) may
be input and is executed. After
the execution of that command, the
next marked line is written, and
so on. A new-line acts as a null
command. An & causes the re-
execution of the most recent non-
null command executed within the
current invocation of G. Note:
The commands input as part of the
execution of the G command may
address and affect any lines in
the buffer. The final value of the
current line number is the value
set by the last command success-
fully executed. (Notice that the
last command successfully executed
is the G command itself if a com-
mand fails or the null command is
specified.) If there were no
matching lines, the current line
number is not changed. The G com-
mand can be terminated by a SIGINT
signal. The G command can be ter-
minated by an interrupt signal
(ASCI DEL or BREAK). Any charac-
ter other than space or newline
can be used instead of a slash to
delimit the RE. Within the RE, the
RE delimiter itself can be used as
a literal character if it is pre-
ceded by a backslash.
h The help command gives a short
error message that explains the
reason for the most recent ? diag-
nostic. The current line number is
unchanged.
H The Help command causes ed to
enter a mode in which error mes-
sages are written for all
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User Commands ed(1)
subsequent ? diagnostics. It also
explains the previous ? if there
was one. The H command alternately
turns this mode on and off; it is
initially off. The current line
number is unchanged.
(.,.)i The insert command accepts zero or
more lines of text and inserts it
. before the addressed line in the
buffer. The current line (.) is
left at the last inserted line,
or, if there were none, at the
addressed line. This command
differs from the a command only in
the placement of the input text.
The maximum number of characters
that may be entered from a termi-
nal is 256 per line (including the
new-line character).
/usr/xpg4/bin/ed Address 0 is
not legal for
this command.
/usr/xpg6/bin/ed Address 0 is
valid for this
command. It is
interpreted as
if the address
1 were speci-
fied.
(.,.]1)j The join command joins contiguous
lines by removing the appropriate
new-line characters. If exactly
one address is given, this command
does nothing. If lines are joined,
the current line number is set to
the address of the joined line.
Otherwise, the current line number
is unchanged.
(.)kx The mark command marks the
addressed line with name x, which
must be an ASCI lower-case letter
(a-z). The address a'x then
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User Commands ed(1)
addresses this line. The current
line (.) is unchanged.
(.,.)l The l command writes to standard
output the addressed lines in a
visually unambiguous form. The
characters ( \\, \a, \b, \f, \r,
\t, \v) are written as the
corresponding escape sequence. The
\n in that table is not applica-
ble. Non-printable characters not
in the table are written as one
three-digit octal number (with a
preceding backslash character) for
each byte in the character, with
the most significant byte first.
Long lines are folded, with the
point of folding indicated by
writing backslash/newline charac-
ter. The length at which folding
occurs is unspecified, but should
be appropriate for the output dev-
ice. The end of each line is
marked with a $. When using the
/usr/xpg6/bin/ed command, the end
of each line is marked with a $
due to folding, and $ characters
within the text are written with a
preceding backslash. An l command
can be appended to any other com-
mand other than e, E, f, q, Q, r,
w, or !. The current line number
is set to the address of the last
line written.
(.,.)ma The move command repositions the
addressed line(s) after the line
addressed by a. Address 0 is legal
for a and causes the addressed
line(s) to be moved to the begin-
ning of the file. It is an error
if address a falls within the
range of moved lines. The current
line (.) is left at the last line
moved.
(.,.)n The number command writes the
addressed lines, preceding each
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User Commands ed(1)
line by its line number and a tab
character. The current line (.) is
left at the last line written. The
n command may be appended to any
command other than e, E, f, q, Q,
r, w, or !.
(.,.)p The print command writes the
addressed lines to standard out-
put. The current line (.) is left
at the last line written. The p
command may be appended to any
command other than e, E, f, q, Q,
r, w, or !. For example, dp
deletes the current line and
writes the new current line.
P The P command causes ed to prompt
with an asterisk (*) (or string,
if -p is specified) for all subse-
quent commands. The P command
alternatively turns this mode on
and off; it is initially on if the
-p option is specified, otherwise
off. The current line is
unchanged.
q The quit command causes ed to
exit. If the buffer has changed
since the last time the entire
buffer was written, the user is
warned. See DIAGNOSTICS.
Q The editor exits without checking
if changes have been made in the
buffer since the last w command.
($)r file The read command reads the con-
tents of file into the buffer. If
file is not given, the currently
remembered file name, if any, is
used (see the e and f commands).
The currently remembered file name
is not changed unless file is the
very first file name mentioned
since ed was invoked. Address 0 is
legal for r and causes the file to
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User Commands ed(1)
be read in at the beginning of the
buffer. If the read is successful
and the -s option was not speci-
fied, the number of characters
read is written to standard output
in the following format:
%d\n,
The current line (.) is set to the
last line read. If file is
replaced by !, the rest of the
line is taken to be a shell com-
mand (see sh(1)) whose output is
to be read. For example, $r !ls
appends the current directory to
the end of the file being edited.
Such a shell command is not remem-
bered as the current file name.
(.,.)s/RE/replacement/
(.,.)s/RE/replacement/count, count=[1-2047]
(.,.)s/RE/replacement/g
(.,.)s/RE/replacement/l
(.,.)s/RE/replacement/n
(.,.)s/RE/replacement/p
The substitute command searches each addressed line for
an occurrence of the specified RE. Zero or more substi-
tution commands can be specified. In each line in which
a match is found, all (non-overlapped) matched strings
are replaced by the replacement if the global replace-
ment indicator g appears after the command. If the glo-
bal indicator does not appear, only the first occurrence
of the matched string is replaced. If a number count
appears after the command, only the count-th occurrence
of the matched string on each addressed line is
replaced. It is an error if the substitution fails on
all addressed lines. Any character other than space or
new-line may be used instead of the slash (/) to delimit
the RE and the replacement. The current line (.) is left
at the last line on which a substitution occurred.
Within the RE, the RE delimiter itself can be used as a
literal character if it is preceded by a backslash. See
also the last paragraph before FILES below.
An ampersand (&) appearing in the replacement is
replaced by the string matching the RE on the current
line. The special meaning of & in this context may be
suppressed by preceding it by \. As a more general
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User Commands ed(1)
feature, the characters \n, where n is a digit, are
replaced by the text matched by the n-th regular subex-
pression of the specified RE enclosed between \( and \).
When nested parenthesized subexpressions are present, n
is determined by counting occurrences of \( starting
from the left. When the character % is the only charac-
ter in the replacement, the replacement used in the most
recent substitute command is used as the replacement in
the current substitute command. If there was no previous
substitute command, the use of % in this manner is an
error. The % loses its special meaning when it is in a
replacement string of more than one character or is pre-
ceded by a \. For each backslash (\) encountered in
scanning replacement from beginning to end, the follow-
ing character loses its special meaning (if any). It is
unspecified what special meaning is given to any charac-
ter other than &, \, %, or digits.
A line may be split by substituting a new-line character
into it. The new-line in the replacement must be escaped
by preceding it by \. Such substitution cannot be done
as part of a g or v command list. The current line
number is set to the address of the last line on which a
substitution is performed. If no substitution is per-
formed, the current line number is unchanged. If a line
is split, a substitution is considered to have been per-
formed on each of the new lines for the purpose of
determining the new current line number. A substitution
is considered to have been performed even if the
replacement string is identical to the string that it
replaces.
The substitute command supports the following indica-
tors:
count Substitute for the countth occurrence only of
the RE found on each addressed line. count must
be between 1-2047.
g Globally substitute for all non-overlapping
instances of the RE rather than just the first
one. If both g and count are specified, the
results are unspecified.
l Write to standard output the final line in
which a substitution was made. The line is
written in the format specified for the l com-
mand.
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User Commands ed(1)
n Write to standard output the final line in
which a substitution was made. The line is
written in the format specified for the n com-
mand.
p Write to standard output the final line in
which a substitution was made. The line will be
written in the format specified for the p com-
mand.
(.,.)ta
This command acts just like the m command, except that a
copy of the addressed lines is placed after address a
(which may be 0). The current line (.) is left at the
last line copied.
u
The undo command nullifies the effect of the most recent
command that modified anything in the buffer, namely the
most recent a, c, d, g, i, j, m, r, s, t, u, v, G, or V
command. All changes made to the buffer by a g, G, v, or
V global command is undone as a single change.If no
changes were made by the global command (such as with g/
RE/p), the u command has no effect. The current line
number is set to the value it had immediately before
the command being undone started.
(1,$)v/RE/command list
This command is the same as the global command g, except
that the lines marked during the first step are those
that do not match the RE.
(1,$)V/RE/
This command is the same as the interactive global com-
mand G, except that the lines that are marked during the
first step are those that do not match the RE.
(1,$)w file
The write command writes the addressed lines into file.
If file does not exist, it is created with mode 666
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User Commands ed(1)
(readable and writable by everyone), unless your file
creation mask dictates otherwise. See the description of
the umask special command on sh(1). The currently remem-
bered file name is not changed unless file is the very
first file name mentioned since ed was invoked. If no
file name is given, the currently remembered file name,
if any, is used (see the e and f commands). The current
line (.) is unchanged. If the command is successful, the
number of characters written is printed, unless the -s
option is specified in the following format:
"%d\n",
If file is replaced by !, the rest of the line is taken
to be a shell (see sh(1)) command whose standard input
is the addressed lines. Such a shell command is not
remembered as the current path name. This usage of the
write command with ! is to be considered as a ``last w
command that wrote the entire buffer''.
(1,$)W file This command is the same as the write
command above, except that it appends the
addressed lines to the end of file if it
exists. If file does not exist, it is
created as described above for the w com-
mand.
X An educated guess is made to determine
whether text read for the e and r com-
mands is encrypted. A null key turns off
encryption. Subsequent e, r, and w com-
mands will use this key to encrypt or
decrypt the text. An explicitly empty key
turns off encryption. Also, see the -x
option of ed.
($)= The line number of the addressed line is
written to standard output in the follow-
ing format:
"%d\n"
The current line number is unchanged by
this command.
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User Commands ed(1)
!shell command The remainder of the line after the ! is
sent to the UNIX system shell (see sh(1))
to be interpreted as a command. Within
the text of that command, the unescaped
character % is replaced with the remem-
bered file name. If a ! appears as the
first character of the shell command, it
is replaced with the text of the previous
shell command. Thus, !! repeats the last
shell command. If any replacements of %
or ! are performed, the modified line is
written to the standard output before
command is executed. The ! command will
write:
"!\n"
to standard output upon completion,
unless the -s option is specified. The
current line number is unchanged.
(.]1) An address alone on a line causes the
addressed line to be written. A new-line
alone is equivalent to .]1p. It is useful
for stepping forward through the buffer.
The current line number will be set to
the address of the written line.
If an interrupt signal (ASCI DEL or BREAK) is sent, ed
writes a "?\n" and returns to its command level.
The ed utility takes the standard action for all signals
with the following exceptions:
SIGINT The ed utility interrupts its current activity,
writes the string "?\n" to standard output, and
returns to command mode.
SIGHUP If the buffer is not empty and has changed since
the last write, the ed utility attempts to write a
copy of the buffer in a file. First, the file
named ed.hup in the current directory is used. If
that fails, the file named ed.hup in the directory
named by the HOME environment variable is used. In
any case, the ed utility exits without returning
to command mode.
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User Commands ed(1)
Some size limitations are in effect: 512 characters in a
line, 256 characters in a global command list, and 255 char-
acters in the path name of a file (counting slashes). The
limit on the number of lines depends on the amount of user
memory. Each line takes 1 word.
When reading a file, ed discards ASCI and NUL characters.
If a file is not terminated by a new-line character, ed adds
one and puts out a message explaining what it did.
If the closing delimiter of an RE or of a replacement string
(for example, /) would be the last character before a new-
line, that delimiter may be omitted, in which case the
addressed line is written. The following pairs of commands
are equivalent:
s/s1/s2 s/s1/s2/p
g/s1 g/s1/p
?s1 ?s1?
If an invalid command is entered, ed writes the string:
"?\n"
(followed by an explanatory message if help mode has been
enabled by the H command) to standard output and continues
in command mode with the current line number unchanged.
OPTIONS
-C Encryption option. The same as the -x option,
except that ed simulates a C command. The C
command is like the X command, except that all
text read in is assumed to have been encrypted.
-pstring Allows the user to specify a prompt string. By
default, there is no prompt string.
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User Commands ed(1)
-s -; Suppresses the writing of character counts by
e, r, and w commands, of diagnostics from e and
q commands, and of the ! prompt after a !shell
command.
-x Encryption option. When -x is used, ed simu-
lates an X command and prompts the user for a
key. The X command makes an educated guess to
determine whether text read in is encrypted or
not. The temporary buffer file is encrypted
also, using a transformed version of the key
typed in for the -x option. See NOTES.
OPERANDS
The following operand is supported:
file If file is specified, ed simulates an e command on
the file named by the path name file before accept-
ing commands from the standard input.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of ed
and red when encountering files greater than or equal to 2
Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of ed: HOME, LANG,
LCAL, LCTYPE, LCOLATE, LCMESAGES, and NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 Successful completion without any file or command
errors.
>0 An error occurred.
FILES
$TMPDIR If this environment variable is not NUL, its
value is used in place of /var/tmp as the direc-
tory name for the temporary work file.
/var/tmp If /var/tmp exists, it is used as the directory
name for the temporary work file.
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User Commands ed(1)
/tmp If the environment variable TMPDIR does not
exist or is NUL, and if /var/tmp does not
exist, then /tmp is used as the directory name
for the temporary work file.
ed.hup Work is saved here if the terminal is hung up.
ATRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
/usr/bin/ed, /usr/bin/red
ATRIBUTE TYPE ATRIBUTE VALUE
Availability SUNWcsu
CSI Enabled
/usr/xpg4/bin/ed
ATRIBUTE TYPE ATRIBUTE VALUE
Availability SUNWxcu4
CSI Enabled
Interface Stability Standard
/usr/xpg6/bin/ed
ATRIBUTE TYPE ATRIBUTE VALUE
Availability SUNWxcu6
CSI Enabled
Interface Stability Standard
SEE ALSO
bfs(1), edit(1), ex(1), grep(1), ksh(1), sed(1), sh(1),
stty(1), umask(1), vi(1), fspec(4), attributes(5),
environ(5), largefile(5), regex(5), standards(5)
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Dec 2003 18
User Commands ed(1)
DIAGNOSTICS
? for command errors.
?file for an inaccessible file. Use the help and Help
commands for detailed explanations.
If changes have been made in the buffer since the last w
command that wrote the entire buffer, ed warns the user if
an attempt is made to destroy ed's buffer via the e or q
commands. It writes ? and allows one to continue editing. A
second e or q command at this point will take effect. The -s
command-line option inhibits this feature.
NOTES
The - option, although it continues to be supported, has
been replaced in the documentation by the -s option that
follows the Command Syntax Standard (see Intro(1)).
A ! command cannot be subject to a g or a v command.
The ! command and the ! escape from the e, r, and w commands
cannot be used if the editor is invoked from a restricted
shell (see sh(1)).
The sequence \n in an RE does not match a new-line charac-
ter.
If the editor input is coming from a command file (for exam-
ple, ed file < edcmdfile), the editor exits at the first
failure.
Loading an alternate malloc() library using the environment
variable LDPRELOAD can cause problems for /usr/bin/ed.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Dec 2003 19
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