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Maintenance Commands GROWISOFS(1m)
NAME
growisofs - combined mkisofs frontend/DVD recording program.
SYNOPSIS
growisofs [-dry-run] [-dvd-compat] [-overburn] [-speed=1]
-[ZM] /dev/dvd
DESCRIPTION
growisofs was originally designed as a frontend to mkisofs
to facilitate appending of data to ISO9660 volumes residing
on random-access media such as DVD]RW, DVD-RAM, plain files,
hard disk partitions. In the course of development general
purpose DVD recording support was implemented, and as of now
growisofs supports not only random-access media, but even
mastering of multi-session DVD media such as DVD]R and
DVD-R/-RW. In addition growisofs supports first-/single-
session recording of arbitrary pre-mastered image (formatted
as UDF, ISO9660 or any other file system, if formatted at
all) to all supported DVD media types.
OPTIONS
-Z /dev/dvd
Burn an initial session to the selected device. A spe-
cial form of this option is recognized to support burn-
ing of pre-mastered images. See EXAMPLES section for
further details.
-M /dev/dvd
Merge a new session to an existing one.
-version
Print version information and invoke mkisofs, also with
-version option.
-dvd-compat
Provide maximum media compatibility with
DVD-ROM/-Video. In write-once context (DVD]R and DVD-R)
this results in unappendable recording (closed disk).
In DVD]RW context it instructs the logical unit to
explicitly burn [otherwise optional] lead-out.
-dry-run
At dry-run growisofs performs all the steps till, but
not including the first write operation. Most notably
check for "overburn" condition is performed, which
implies that mkisofs is invoked and terminated prema-
turely.
-overburn
Normally DVD media can accommodate up to approximately
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4.700.000.000 bytes (in marketing speech 4.7GB). In
other words a DVD can contain about 4.377 GiB or 4482
MiB. Growisofs won't start without this option, if
"overburn" condition appears to be unavoidable.
-speed=N
An option to control recording velocity. Most commonly
you'll use -speed=1 with "no-name" DVD-R[W] media, if
default speed settings messes up the media. Keep in
mind that N essentially denotes speed closest to
N*1385KBps among those offered by unit for currently
mounted media. The list can be found in dvd]rw-
mediainfo output.
More options can be found in the manpage for mkisofs.
There're several undocumented options commonly denoted with
-use-the-force-luke prefix. Some of them serve debugging
purposes. Some require certain knowledge about recording
process or even OS kernel internals and as being such can
induce confusing behaviour. Some are to be used in very
specific situations better recognized by front-ends or
automated scripts. Rationale behind leaving these options
undocumented is that those few users who would actually need
to use them directly can as well consult the source code or
obtain specific instructions elsewhere.
DIFERENCES WITH RUNING MKISOFS DIRECTLY
When using growisofs you may not use the -o option for an
output file. growisofs dumps the image directly to the
media;
You don't have to specify the -C option to create a higher
level session on a multi session disk, growisofs will con-
struct one for you;
Otherwise everything that applies to [multi-session] master-
ing with mkisofs applies to growisofs as well. growisofs
needs at least mkisofs version 1.14, version 2.0 is required
for multi-session write-once recordings.
EXAMPLES
Actual device names vary from one operating system to
another. We use /dev/dvd as a collective name or as symbolic
link to the actual device if you wish. Under Linux it will
most likely be an ide-scsi device such as "/dev/scd0."
Under NetBSD/OpenBSD it has to be a character SCSI CD-ROM
device such as "/dev/rcd0c." Under Solaris it also has to be
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a character SCSI/ATAPI CD-ROM device, e.g.
"/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2" or "/vol/dev/aliases/cdrom0." And like-
wise in HP-UX and IRIX...
To master and burn an ISO9660 volume with Joliet and Rock-
Ridge extensions on a DVD:
growisofs -Z /dev/dvd -R -J /some/files
To append more data to same DVD:
growisofs -M /dev/dvd -R -J /more/files
Make sure to use the same options for both inital burning
and following sessions.
To use growisofs to write a pre-mastered ISO-image to a DVD:
growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/dvd=image.iso
where image.iso represents an arbitrary object in the
filesystem, such as file, named pipe or device entry. Noth-
ing is growing here and command name is not intuitive in
this context.
NOTES
If executed under sudo(8) growisofs refuses to start. This
is done for the following reason. Naturally growisofs has to
access the data set to be recorded to DVD media, either
indirectly by letting mkisofs generate ISO9660 layout on-
the-fly or directly if a pre-mastered image is to be
recorded. Being executed under sudo(8), growisofs effec-
tively grants sudoers read access to any file in the file
system. The situation is intensified by the fact that
growisofs parses MKISOFS environment variable in order to
determine alternative path to mkisofs executable image. This
means that being executed under sudo(8), growisofs effec-
tively grants sudoers right to execute program of their
choice with elevated privileges. If you for any reason still
find the above acceptable and are willing to take the conse-
quences, then consider running following wrapper script
under sudo(8) in place for real growisofs binary.
#!/bin/ksh
unset SUDOCOMAND
export MKISOFS=/path/to/trusted/mkisofs
exec growisofs "$@"
But note that the recommended alternative to the above "wor-
karound" is actually to install growisofs set-root-uid, in
which case it will drop privileges prior accessing data or
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executing mkisofs in order to preclude unauthorized access
to the data.
If the media already carries isofs and growisofs is invoked
with -Z option non-interactively, e.g. through cron, it
shall fail with "FATAL: /dev/dvd already carries isofs!"
Note that only ISO9660 is recognized, you can perfectly zap
e.g. an UDF filesystem non-interactively.
"Overburn" protection in pre-mastered image context works
only with plain files and ISO9660 formatted volumes. E.g.
[given that /dev/root is an ext2 formatted file system
larger than 4.7GB] /dev/dvd=/dev/root is bound to produce
corrupted recording.
Note that DVD]RW re-formatting procedure does not substitute
for blanking. If you want to nullify the media, e.g. for
privacy reasons, do it explicitly with 'growisofs -Z
/dev/dvd=/dev/zero'.
Playback of re-writable DVD media, both DVD]RW and DVD-RW,
might be limited in legacy DVD-ROM/-Video units. In most
cases this is due to lower reflectivity of such media.
Even though growisofs supports it, playback of multi-session
write-once DVD might be limited to the first session for two
reasons:
]o not all DVD-ROM players are capable of multi-border
DVD-R playback, even less are aware of DVD]R multi-
sessioning, burner unit therefore might be the only one
in your vicinity capable of accessing files written at
different occasions;
]o OS might fail to mount multi-session DVD for various
reasons;
The above is not applicable to DVD]RW, DVD-RW Restricted
Overwrite or DVD-RAM, as volumes are grown within a single
session.
SEE ALSO
Most up-to-date information on dvd]rw-tools is available at
http:/fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD]RW/.
The manpage for mkisofs.
AUTHORS
Andy Polyakov stands for programming
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and on-line information.
This manpage is currently maintained by Huub Reuver
.
LICENSE
growisofs is distributed under GNU GPL.
ATRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
ATRIBUTE TYPE ATRIBUTE VALUE
Availability SUNWdvdrw
Interface Stability Unstable
NOTES
This utility is part of dvd]rw-tools. The source for
dvd]rw-tools is available on http:/opensolaris.org.
http:/fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD]RW
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