User Commands pmap(1)
NAME
pmap - display information about the address space of a pro-
cess
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/pmap [-rslF] [-A addressrange] [pid core]...
/usr/bin/pmap -L [-rslF] [-A addressrange] [pid] ...
/usr/bin/pmap -x [-aslF] [-A addressrange] [pid core]...
/usr/bin/pmap -S [-alF] [-A addressrange] [pid core]...
DESCRIPTION
The pmap utility prints information about the address space
of a process.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-a Prints anonymous and swap reservations
for shared mappings.
-A addressrange Specifies the subrange of address space
to display. addressrange is specified
in one of the following forms:
startaddr
A single address limits the output
to the segment (or the page if the
-L option is present) containing
that address. If the specified
address corresponds to the starting
address of a segment, the output
always includes the whole segment
even when the -L option is speci-
fied.
startaddr,
An address followed by comma without
the end address limits the output to
all segments (or pages if the -L
option is present) starting from the
one containing the specified
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 1
User Commands pmap(1)
address.
startaddr,endaddr
An address range specified by the
start address and end addresses lim-
its the output to all segments (or
pages if the -L option is present)
starting from the segment or page
containing the start address through
the segment or page containing the
end address.
,endaddr
An address range started with comma
without the start address limits the
output to all segments (or pages if
the -L option is present) starting
from the first one present until the
segment (or page if the -L option is
present) containing the specified
address.
-F Force. Grabs the target process even if
another process has control.
See USAGE.
-l Shows unresolved dynamic linker map
names.
-L Prints lgroup containing physical memory
that backs virtual memory.
-r Prints the process's reserved addresses.
-s Prints HAT page size information.
-S Displays swap reservation information
per mapping. See USAGE for more informa-
tion.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 2
User Commands pmap(1)
-x Displays additional information per map-
ping. See USAGE for more information.
USAGE
The pmap utility prints information about the address space
of a process.
Process Mappings
/usr/bin/pmap [ -rslF ] [-A addressrange] [ pid core ] ...
By default, pmap displays all of the mappings in the
virtual address order they are mapped into the process.
The mapping size, flags, and mapped object name are
shown.
The -A option can be used to limit the output to a
specified address range. The specified addresses are
rounded up or down to a segment boundary and the output
includes the segments bounded by those addresses.
Process Lgroup Mappings
/usr/bin/pmap -L [ -rslF ] [-A addressrange] pid ...
The -L option can be used to determine the lgroup con-
taining the physical memory backing the specified vir-
tual memory. When used with the -A option, the specified
addresses are rounded up or down to a page boundary and
the output is limited to the page or pages bounded by
those addresses.
This can be used in conjunction with plgrp(1) to dis-
cover whether the home lgroup of a thread of interest is
the same as where the memory is located and whether
there should be memory locality for the thread. The
lgrpinfo(1) command can also be useful with this pmap
option. It displays the lgroup hierarchy, contents, and
characteristics which gives more information about the
lgroups that the memory is distributed across and their
relationship to each other and any other lgroups of
interest.
In addition, the thread and memory placement can be
changed by using plgrp(1), pmadvise(1), or madv.so.1(1).
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 3
User Commands pmap(1)
Process anon/locked mapping details
/usr/bin/pmap -x [ -aslF ] [-A addressrange] [ pid core ] ...
The -x option displays additional information per map-
ping. The size of each mapping, the amount of resident
physical memory (RS), the amount of anonymous memory,
and the amount of memory locked is shown with this
option. This does not include anonymous memory taken by
kernel address space due to this process.
Swap Reservations
/usr/bin/pmap -S [ -alF ] [-A addressrange] [ pid core ] ...
The -S option displays swap reservation information per
mapping.
Caution should be exercised when using the -F flag. Imposing
two controlling processes on one victim process can lead to
chaos. Safety is assured only if the primary controlling
process, typically a debugger, has stopped the victim pro-
cess and the primary controlling process is doing nothing at
the moment of application of the proc tool in question.
DISPLAY FORMATS
One line of output is printed for each mapping within the
process, unless the --s or --L option is specified. With -s
option, one line is printed for a contiguous mapping of each
hardware translation page size. With -L option one line is
printed for a contiguous mapping belonging to the same
lgroup. With both -L and -s options, one line is printed for
a contiguous mapping of each hardware translation page size
belonging to the same lgroup. The column headings are shown
in parentheses below.
Virtual Address (Address)
The first column of output represents the starting vir-
tual address of each mapping. Virtual addresses are
displayed in ascending order.
Virtual Mapping Size (Kbytes)
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 4
User Commands pmap(1)
The virtual size in kilobytes of each mapping.
Resident Physical Memory (RS)
The amount of physical memory in kilobytes that is
resident for each mapping, including that which is
shared with other address spaces.
Anonymous Memory (Anon)
The number of pages, counted by using the system page
size, of anonymous memory associated with the specified
mapping. Anonymous memory shared with other address
spaces is not included, unless the -a option is speci-
fied.
Anonymous memory is reported for the process heap,
stack, for 'copy on write' pages with mappings mapped
with MAPRIVATE (see mmap(2)).
Locked (Locked)
The number of pages locked within the mapping. Typical
examples are memory locked with mlock() and System V
shared memory created with SHMSHAREMU.
Permissions/Flags (Mode)
The virtual memory permissions are shown for each map-
ping. Valid permissions are:
r: The mapping can be read by the process.
w: The mapping can be written by the process.
x: Instructions that reside within the mapping can be
executed by the process.
Flags showing additional information for each mapping
can be displayed:
s: The mapping is shared such that changes made in
the observed address space are committed to the
mapped file, and are visible from all other
processes sharing the mapping.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 5
User Commands pmap(1)
R: Swap space is not reserved for this mapping. Map-
pings created with MAPNORESERVE and System V ISM
shared memory mappings do not reserve swap space.
*: The data for the mapping is not present in the
core file (only applicable when applied to a core
file). See coreadm(1M) for information on confi-
guring core file content.
Lgroup (Lgrp)
The lgroup containing the physical memory that backs the
specified mapping.
Mapping Name (Mapped File)
A descriptive name for each mapping. The following major
types of names are displayed for mappings:
o A mapped file: For mappings between a process
and a file, the pmap command attempts to
resolve the file name for each mapping. If the
file name cannot be resolved, pmap displays the
major and minor number of the device containing
the file, and the file system inode number of
the file.
o Anonymous memory: Memory not relating to any
named object or file within the file system is
reported as [ anon ].
The pmap command displays common names for cer-
tain known anonymous memory mappings:
[ heap ] The mapping is the pro-
cess heap.
[ stack ] The mapping is the main
stack.
[ stack tid=n ] The mapping is the stack
for thread n.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 6
User Commands pmap(1)
[ altstack tid=n ] The mapping is used as
the alternate signal
stack for thread n.
If the common name for the mapping is unknown, pmap
displays [ anon ] as the mapping name.
o System V Shared Memory: Mappings created using
System V shared memory system calls are
reported with the names shown below:
shmid=n: The mapping is a System V
shared memory mapping. The
shared memory identifier that
the mapping was created with
is reported.
ism shmid=n: The mapping is an "Intimate
Shared Memory" variant of Sys-
tem V shared memory. ISM map-
pings are created with the
SHMSHAREMU flag set, in
accordance with shmat(2) (see
shmop(2)).
dism shmid=n: The mapping is a pageable
variant of ISM. Pageable ISM
is created with the
SHMPAGEABLE flag set in
accordance with shmat(2) (see
shmop(2)).
o Other: Mappings of other objects, including
devices such as frame buffers. No mapping name
is shown for other mapped objects.
Page Size (Pgsz)
The page size in kilobytes that is used for hardware
address translation for this mapping. See memcntl(2) for
further information.
Swap Space (Swap)
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 7
User Commands pmap(1)
The amount of swap space in kilobytes that is reserved
for this mapping. That is, swap space that is deducted
from the total available pool of reservable swap space
that is displayed with the command swap -s. See
swap(1M).
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Displaying Process Mappings
By default, pmap prints one line for each mapping within the
address space of the target process. The following example
displays the address space of a typical bourne shell:
example$ pmap 102905
102905: sh
00010000 192K r-x-- /usr/bin/ksh
00040000 8K rwx-- /usr/bin/ksh
00042000 40K rwx-- [ heap ]
F180000 664K r-x-- /usr/lib/libc.so.1
F236000 24K rwx-- /usr/lib/libc.so.1
F23C000 8K rwx-- /usr/lib/libc.so.1
F250000 8K rwx-- [ anon ]
F260000 16K r-x-- /usr/lib/enUS.ISO8859-1.so.2
F272000 16K rwx-- /usr/lib/enUS.ISO8859-1.so.2
F280000 560K r-x-- /usr/lib/libnsl.so.1
F31C000 32K rwx-- /usr/lib/libnsl.so.1
F324000 32K rwx-- /usr/lib/libnsl.so.1
F340000 16K r-x-- /usr/lib/libcpsr.so.1
F350000 16K r-x-- /usr/lib/libmp.so.2
F364000 8K rwx-- /usr/lib/libmp.so.2
F380000 40K r-x-- /usr/lib/libsocket.so.1
F39A000 8K rwx-- /usr/lib/libsocket.so.1
F3A0000 8K r-x-- /usr/lib/libdl.so.1
F3B0000 8K rwx-- [ anon ]
F3C0000 152K r-x-- /usr/lib/ld.so.1
F3F6000 8K rwx-- /usr/lib/ld.so.1
FBFC000 16K rw--- [ stack ]
total 1880K
Example 2 Displaying Memory Allocation and Mapping Types
The -x option can be used to provide information about the
memory allocation and mapping types per mapping. The amount
of resident, non-shared anonymous, and locked memory is
shown for each mapping:
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 8
User Commands pmap(1)
example$ pmap -x 102908
102908: sh
Address Kbytes RS Anon Locked Mode Mapped File
00010000 88 88 - - r-x-- sh
00036000 8 8 8 - rwx-- sh
00038000 16 16 16 - rwx-- [ heap ]
F260000 16 16 - - r-x-- enUS.ISO8859-1.so.2
F272000 16 16 - - rwx-- enUS.ISO8859-1.so.2
F280000 664 624 - - r-x-- libc.so.1
F336000 32 32 8 - rwx-- libc.so.1
F360000 16 16 - - r-x-- libcpsr.so.1
F380000 24 24 - - r-x-- libgen.so.1
F396000 8 8 - - rwx-- libgen.so.1
F3A0000 8 8 - - r-x-- libdl.so.1
F3B0000 8 8 8 - rwx-- [ anon ]
F3C0000 152 152 - - r-x-- ld.so.1
F3F6000 8 8 8 - rwx-- ld.so.1
FBFE000 8 8 8 - rw--- [ stack ]
-------- ----- ----- ----- ------
total Kb 1072 1032 56 -
The amount of incremental memory used by each additional
instance of a process can be estimated by using the resident
and anonymous memory counts of each mapping.
In the above example, the bourne shell has a resident memory
size of 1032Kbytes. However, a large amount of the physical
memory used by the shell is shared with other instances of
shell. Another identical instance of the shell shares physi-
cal memory with the other shell where possible, and allocate
anonymous memory for any non-shared portion. In the above
example, each additional bourne shell uses approximately
56Kbytes of additional physical memory.
A more complex example shows the output format for a process
containing different mapping types. In this example, the
mappings are as follows:
0001000: Executable text, mapped from 'maps' program
0002000: Executable data, mapped from 'maps' program
0002200: Program heap
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 9
User Commands pmap(1)
0300000: A mapped file, mapped MAPSHARED
0400000: A mapped file, mapped MAPRIVATE
0500000: A mapped file, mapped MAPRIVATE MAPNORESERVE
0600000: Anonymous memory, created by mapping /dev/zero
0700000: Anonymous memory, created by mapping /dev/zero
with MAPNORESERVE
0800000: A DISM shared memory mapping, created with SHMPAGEABLE
with 8MB locked via mlock(2)
0900000: A DISM shared memory mapping, created with SHMPAGEABLE,
with 4MB of its pages touched.
0A00000: A DISM shared memory mapping, created with SHMPAGEABLE,
with none of its pages touched.
0B00000: An ISM shared memory mapping, created with SHMSHAREMU
example$ pmap -x 15492
15492: ./maps
Address Kbytes RS Anon Locked Mode Mapped File
00010000 8 8 - - r-x-- maps
00020000 8 8 8 - rwx-- maps
00022000 20344 16248 16248 - rwx-- [ heap ]
03000000 1024 1024 - - rw-s- dev:0,2 ino:4628487
04000000 1024 1024 512 - rw--- dev:0,2 ino:4628487
05000000 1024 1024 512 - rw--R dev:0,2 ino:4628487
06000000 1024 1024 1024 - rw--- [ anon ]
07000000 512 512 512 - rw--R [ anon ]
08000000 8192 8192 - 8192 rwxs- [ dism shmid=0x5]
09000000 8192 4096 - - rwxs- [ dism shmid=0x4]
0A000000 8192 8192 - 8192 rwxsR [ ism shmid=0x2 ]
0B000000 8192 8192 - 8192 rwxsR [ ism shmid=0x3 ]
F280000 680 672 - - r-x-- libc.so.1
F33A000 32 32 32 - rwx-- libc.so.1
F390000 8 8 - - r-x-- libcpsr.so.1
F3A0000 8 8 - - r-x-- libdl.so.1
F3B0000 8 8 8 - rwx-- [ anon ]
F3C0000 152 152 - - r-x-- ld.so.1
F3F6000 8 8 8 - rwx-- ld.so.1
FBFA000 24 24 24 - rwx-- [ stack ]
-------- ------- ------- ------- -------
total Kb 50464 42264 18888 16384
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 10
User Commands pmap(1)
Example 3 Displaying Page Size Information
The -s option can be used to display the hardware transla-
tion page sizes for each portion of the address space. (See
memcntl(2) for futher information on Solaris multiple page
size support).
In the example below, we can see that the majority of the
mappings are using an 8K-Byte page size, while the heap is
using a 4M-Byte page size.
Notice that non-contiguous regions of resident pages of the
same page size are reported as separate mappings. In the
example below, the libc.so library is reported as separate
mappings, since only some of the libc.so text is resident:
example$ pmap -xs 15492
15492: ./maps
Address Kbytes RS Anon Locked Pgsz Mode Mapped File
00010000 8 8 - - 8K r-x-- maps
00020000 8 8 8 - 8K rwx-- maps
00022000 3960 3960 3960 - 8K rwx-- [ heap ]
00400000 8192 8192 8192 - 4M rwx-- [ heap ]
00C00000 4096 - - - - rwx-- [ heap ]
01000000 4096 4096 4096 - 4M rwx-- [ heap ]
03000000 1024 1024 - - 8K rw-s- dev:0,2 ino:4628487
04000000 512 512 512 - 8K rw--- dev:0,2 ino:4628487
04080000 512 512 - - - rw--- dev:0,2 ino:4628487
05000000 512 512 512 - 8K rw--R dev:0,2 ino:4628487
05080000 512 512 - - - rw--R dev:0,2 ino:4628487
06000000 1024 1024 1024 - 8K rw--- [ anon ]
07000000 512 512 512 - 8K rw--R [ anon ]
08000000 8192 8192 - 8192 - rwxs- [ dism shmid=0x5 ]
09000000 4096 4096 - - 8K rwxs- [ dism shmid=0x4 ]
0A000000 4096 - - - - rwxs- [ dism shmid=0x2 ]
0B000000 8192 8192 - 8192 4M rwxsR [ ism shmid=0x3 ]
F280000 136 136 - - 8K r-x-- libc.so.1
F2A2000 120 120 - - - r-x-- libc.so.1
F2C0000 128 128 - - 8K r-x-- libc.so.1
F2E0000 200 200 - - - r-x-- libc.so.1
F312000 48 48 - - 8K r-x-- libc.so.1
F31E000 48 40 - - - r-x-- libc.so.1
F33A000 32 32 32 - 8K rwx-- libc.so.1
F390000 8 8 - - 8K r-x-- libcpsr.so.1
F3A0000 8 8 - - 8K r-x-- libdl.so.1
F3B0000 8 8 8 - 8K rwx-- [ anon ]
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 11
User Commands pmap(1)
F3C0000 152 152 - - 8K r-x-- ld.so.1
F3F6000 8 8 8 - 8K rwx-- ld.so.1
FBFA000 24 24 24 - 8K rwx-- [ stack ]
-------- ------- ------- ------- -------
total Kb 50464 42264 18888 16384
Example 4 Displaying Swap Reservations
The -S option can be used to describe the swap reservations
for a process. The amount of swap space reserved is
displayed for each mapping within the process. Swap reserva-
tions are reported as zero for shared mappings, since they
are accounted for only once system wide.
example$ pmap -S 15492
15492: ./maps
Address Kbytes Swap Mode Mapped File
00010000 8 - r-x-- maps
00020000 8 8 rwx-- maps
00022000 20344 20344 rwx-- [ heap ]
03000000 1024 - rw-s- dev:0,2 ino:4628487
04000000 1024 1024 rw--- dev:0,2 ino:4628487
05000000 1024 512 rw--R dev:0,2 ino:4628487
06000000 1024 1024 rw--- [ anon ]
07000000 512 512 rw--R [ anon ]
08000000 8192 - rwxs- [ dism shmid=0x5]
09000000 8192 - rwxs- [ dism shmid=0x4]
0A000000 8192 - rwxs- [ dism shmid=0x2]
0B000000 8192 - rwxsR [ ism shmid=0x3]
F280000 680 - r-x-- libc.so.1
F33A000 32 32 rwx-- libc.so.1
F390000 8 - r-x-- libcpsr.so.1
F3A0000 8 - r-x-- libdl.so.1
F3B0000 8 8 rwx-- [ anon ]
F3C0000 152 - r-x-- ld.so.1
F3F6000 8 8 rwx-- ld.so.1
FBFA000 24 24 rwx-- [ stack ]
-------- ------- -------
total Kb 50464 23496
The swap reservation information can be used to estimate the
amount of virtual swap used by each additional process. Each
process consumes virtual swap from a global virtual swap
pool. Global swap reservations are reported by the 'avail'
field of the swap(1M) command.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 12
User Commands pmap(1)
Example 5 Labeling Stacks in a Multi-threaded Process
example$ pmap 121969
121969: ./stacks
00010000 8K r-x-- /tmp/stacks
00020000 8K rwx-- /tmp/stacks
FE8FA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=11 ]
FE9FA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=10 ]
FEAFA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=9 ]
FEBFA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=8 ]
FECFA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=7 ]
FEDFA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=6 ]
FEFA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=5 ]
FEFA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=4 ]
F0FA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=3 ]
F1FA000 8K rwx-R [ stack tid=2 ]
F200000 64K rw--- [ altstack tid=8 ]
F220000 64K rw--- [ altstack tid=4 ]
F240000 112K rw--- [ anon ]
F260000 16K rw--- [ anon ]
F270000 16K r-x-- /usr/platform/sun4u/lib/libcpsr.so.1
F280000 672K r-x-- /usr/lib/libc.so.1
F338000 24K rwx-- /usr/lib/libc.so.1
F33E000 8K rwx-- /usr/lib/libc.so.1
F35A000 8K rwxs- [ anon ]
F360000 104K r-x-- /usr/lib/libthread.so.1
F38A000 8K rwx-- /usr/lib/libthread.so.1
F38C000 8K rwx-- /usr/lib/libthread.so.1
F3A0000 8K r-x-- /usr/lib/libdl.so.1
F3B0000 8K rwx-- [ anon ]
F3C0000 152K r-x-- /usr/lib/ld.so.1
F3F6000 8K rwx-- /usr/lib/ld.so.1
FBFA000 24K rwx-- [ stack ]
total 1400K
Example 6 Displaying lgroup Memory Allocation
The following example displays lgroup memory allocation by
mapping:
example$ pmap -L `pgrep nscd`
100095: /usr/sbin/nscd
00010000 8K r-x-- 2 /usr/sbin/nscd
00012000 48K r-x-- 1 /usr/sbin/nscd
0002E000 8K rwx-- 2 /usr/sbin/nscd
00030000 16K rwx-- 2 [ heap ]
00034000 8K rwx-- 1 [ heap ]
.
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 13
User Commands pmap(1)
.
.
FD80A000 24K rwx-- 2 [ anon ]
FD820000 8K r-x-- 2 /lib/libmd5.so.1
FD840000 16K r-x-- 1 /lib/libmp.so.2
FD860000 8K r-x-- 2 /usr/lib/straddr.so.2
FD872000 8K rwx-- 1 /usr/lib/straddr.so.2
FD97A000 8K rw--R 1 [ stack tid=24 ]
FD990000 8K r-x-- 2 /lib/nssnis.so.1
FD992000 16K r-x-- 1 /lib/nssnis.so.1
FD9A6000 8K rwx-- 1 /lib/nssnis.so.1
FD9C0000 8K rwx-- 2 [ anon ]
FD9D0000 8K r-x-- 2 /lib/nssfiles.so.1
FD9D2000 16K r-x-- 1 /lib/nssfiles.so.1
FD9E6000 8K rwx-- 2 /lib/nssfiles.so.1
FDAFA000 8K rw--R 2 [ stack tid=23 ]
FDBFA000 8K rw--R 1 [ stack tid=22 ]
FDCFA000 8K rw--R 1 [ stack tid=21 ]
FDFA000 8K rw--R 1 [ stack tid=20 ]
.
.
.
FEFA000 8K rw--R 1 [ stack tid=2 ]
F000000 8K rwx-- 2 [ anon ]
F004000 16K rwx-- 1 [ anon ]
F00A000 16K rwx-- 1 [ anon ]
.
.
.
F3E000 8K rwx-- 2 /lib/ld.so.1
FBFE000 8K rw--- 2 [ stack ]
total 2968K
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 Successful operation.
non-zero An error has occurred.
FILES
/proc/* process files
/usr/proc/lib/* proc tools supporting files
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 14
User Commands pmap(1)
ATRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
ATRIBUTE TYPE ATRIBUTE VALUE
Availability SUNWesu
Interface Stability See below.
The command syntax is Evolving. The -L option and the output
formats are Unstable.
SEE ALSO
ldd(1), lgrpinfo(1), madv.so.1(1), mdb(1), plgrp(1), pmad-
vise(1), proc(1), ps(1), coreadm(1M), prstat(1M), swap(1M),
mmap(2), memcntl(2), meminfo(2), shmop(2), dlopen(3C),
proc(4), attributes(5)
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 9 Sep 2006 15
|
