User Commands shellbuiltins(1)
NAME
shellbuiltins, case, for, foreach, function, if, repeat,
select, switch, until, while - shell command interpreter
built-in commands
DESCRIPTION
The shell command interpreters csh(1), ksh(1), ksh93(1), and
sh(1) have special built-in commands. The commands case,
for, foreach, function, if, repeat, select, switch, until,
and while are commands in the syntax recognized by the
shells. They are described in the Commands section of the
manual pages of the respective shells. In ksh93(1), fc,
hash, stop, suspend, times, and type are aliases by default.
In ksh93, the following built-ins are bound to the /bin
pathname by default and are invoked if the pathname search
encounters an executable command of that name in the /bin or
/usr/bin directory: cat, chown, getconf, head, mkdir, rmdir,
tee, uniq, and wc.
The remaining commands listed in the following table are
built into the shells for reasons such as efficiency or data
sharing between command invocations. They are described on
their respective manual pages.
Command Shell
]**alias csh, ksh, ksh93
bg csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
]*break csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
builtin ksh93
case csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
cat ksh93
cd csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
chdir csh, sh
chown ksh93
command ksh93
]*continue csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
dirs csh
disown ksh93
echo csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
]*eval csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
]*exec csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
]*exit csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
]**export ksh, ksh93, sh
false ksh, ksh93
fc ksh, ksh93
fg csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
for ksh, ksh93, sh
foreach csh
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User Commands shellbuiltins(1)
function ksh, ksh93
getconf ksh93
getopts ksh, ksh93, sh
glob csh
goto csh
hash ksh, ksh93, sh
hashstat csh
head ksh93
hist ksh93
history csh
if csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
jobs csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
kill csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
let ksh, ksh93,
limit csh
login csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
logout csh
mkdir ksh93
nice csh
]*newgrp ksh, ksh93, sh
nohup csh
notify csh
onintr csh
popd csh
print ksh, ksh93
printf ksh93
pushd csh
pwd ksh, ksh93, sh
read ksh, ksh93, sh
]**readonly ksh, ksh93, sh
rehash csh
repeat csh
]*return ksh, ksh93, sh
select ksh, ksh93
]set csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
setenv csh
shift csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
sleep ksh93
source csh
stop csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
suspend csh, ksh, sh
switch csh
tee ksh93
test ksh, ksh93, sh
time csh
*times ksh, ksh93, sh
*]trap ksh, ksh93, sh
true ksh, ksh93
type ksh, ksh93, sh
]**typeset ksh, ksh93
ulimit ksh, ksh93, sh
umask csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
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User Commands shellbuiltins(1)
]unalias csh, ksh, ksh93
unhash csh
uniq ksh93
unlimit csh
]unset csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
unsetenv csh
until ksh, ksh93, sh
*wait csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
whence ksh, ksh93
while csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
Bourne Shell, sh, Special Commands
Input/output redirection is now permitted for these com-
mands. File descriptor 1 is the default output location.
When Job Control is enabled, additional Special Commands are
added to the shell's environment.
In addition to these built-in reserved command words, sh
also uses:
: No effect; the command does nothing. A zero
exit code is returned.
.filename Read and execute commands from filename and
return. The search path specified by PATH is
used to find the directory containing
filename.
C shell, csh
Built-in commands are executed within the C shell. If a
built-in command occurs as any component of a pipeline
except the last, it is executed in a subshell. In addition
to these built-in reserved command words, csh also uses:
: Null command. This command is interpreted, but performs
no action.
Korn Shell, ksh, Special Commands
Input/Output redirection is permitted. Unless otherwise
indicated, the output is written on file descriptor 1 and
the exit status, when there is no syntax error, is zero.
Commands that are preceded by one or two * (asterisks) are
treated specially in the following ways:
1. Variable assignment lists preceding the command
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User Commands shellbuiltins(1)
remain in effect when the command completes.
2. I/O redirections are processed after variable
assignments.
3. Errors cause a script that contains them to abort.
4. Words, following a command preceded by ** that are
in the format of a variable assignment, are
expanded with the same rules as a variable assign-
ment. This means that tilde substitution is per-
formed after the = sign and word splitting and file
name generation are not performed.
In addition to these built-in reserved command words, ksh
also uses:
* : [ arg ... ] The command only expands param-
eters.
* .file [ arg ... ] Read the complete file then
execute the commands. The com-
mands are executed in the
current shell environment. The
search path specified by PATH
is used to find the directory
containing file. If any argu-
ments arg are specified, they
become the positional parame-
ters. Otherwise, the positional
parameters are unchanged. The
exit status is the exit status
of the last command executed.
the loop termination test.
Korn Shell, ksh93, Special Commands
Input/Output redirection is permitted. Unless otherwise
indicated, the output is written on file descriptor 1 and
the exit status, when there is no syntax error, is zero.
Except for :, true, false, echo, newgrp, and login, all
built-in commands accept -- to indicate end of options. They
also interpret the option --man as a request to display the
manual page onto standard error and -? as a help request
which prints a usage message on standard error.
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User Commands shellbuiltins(1)
Commands that are preceded by one or two ] are treated spe-
cially in the following ways:
1. Variable assignment lists preceding the command
remain in effect when the command completes.
2. I/O redirections are processed after variable
assignments.
3. Errors cause a script that contains them to abort.
4. They are not valid function names.
5. Words, following a command preceded by ] that are
in the format of a variable assignment, are
expanded with the same rules as a variable assign-
ment. This means that tilde substitution is per-
formed after the = sign and field splitting and
file name generation are not performed.
In addition to these built-in reserved command words, ksh93
also uses:
: [ arg ... ] The command only expands parame-
ters.
.name [ arg ... ] If name is a function defined
with the function name reserved
word syntax, the function is exe-
cuted in the current environment
(as if it had been defined with
the name() syntax.) Otherwise if
name refers to a file, the file
is read in its entirety and the
commands are executed in the
current shell environment. The
search path specified by PATH is
used to find the directory con-
taining the file. If any argu-
ments arg are specified, they
become the positional parameters
while processing the . command
and the original positional
parameters are restored upon com-
pletion. Otherwise the positional
parameters are unchanged. The
exit status is the exit status of
the last command executed.
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User Commands shellbuiltins(1)
SEE ALSO
Intro(1), alias(1), break(1), builtin(1), cd(1), chmod(1),
csh(1), disown(1), echo(1), exec(1), exit(1), find(1),
getoptcvt(1), getopts(1), glob(1), hash(1), history(1),
jobs(1), kill(1), ksh(1), ksh93(1), let(1), limit(1),
login(1), logout(1), newgrp(1), nice(1), nohup(1), print(1),
printf(1), pwd(1), read(1), readonly(1), set(1), sh(1),
shift(1), sleep(1), suspend(1), test(1)test(1), test(1B),
time(1), times(1), trap(1), typeset(1), umask(1), wait(1),
chdir(2), chmod(2), creat(2), umask(2), getopt(3C), pro-
file(4), environ(5)
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