Windows PowerShell command on Get-command ed

Manual Pages for UNIX Operating System command usage for man ed

User Commands ed(1)

NAME

ed, red - text editor

SYNOPSIS

/usr/bin/ed [-s | -] [-p string] [-x] [-C] [file]

/usr/xpg4/bin/ed [-s | -] [-p string] [-x] [-C] [file]

/usr/xpg6/bin/ed [-s | -] [-p string] [-x] [-C] [file]

/usr/bin/red [-s | -] [-p string] [-x] [-C] [file]

DESCRIPTION

The ed utility is the standard text editor. If file is

specified, ed simulates an e command (see below) on the

named file. That is, the file is read into ed's buffer so

that it can be edited.

The ed utility operates on a copy of the file it is editing.

Changes made to the copy have no effect on the file until a w (write) command is given. The copy of the text being

edited resides in a temporary file called the buffer. There

is only one buffer.

The red utility is a restricted version of ed. It will only

allow editing of files in the current directory. red prohi-

bits executing shell commands via !shell command. Attempts to bypass these restrictions result in an error message

(restricted shell).

Both ed and red support the fspec(4) formatting capability.

The default terminal mode is either stty -tabs or stty tab3,

where tab stops are set at eight columns (see stty(1)). If,

however, the first line of file contains a format specifica-

tion, that specification will override the default mode. For

example, tab stops would be set at 5, 10, and 15, and a max-

imum line length of 72 would be imposed if the first line of

file contains <:t5,10,15 s72:>

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User Commands ed(1)

Commands to ed have a simple and regular structure: zero,

one, or two addresses followed by a single-character com-

mand, possibly followed by parameters to that command. These

addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer. Every command that requires addresses has default addresses, so

that the addresses can very often be omitted.

In general, only one command may appear on a line. Certain

commands allow the input of text. This text is placed in the

appropriate place in the buffer. While ed is accepting text,

it is said to be in input mode. In this mode, no commands

are recognized; all input is merely collected. Leave input

mode by typing a period (.) at the beginning of a line, fol-

lowed immediately by a carriage return.

/usr/bin/ed

If ed executes commands with arguments, it uses the default

shell /usr/bin/sh (see sh(1)).

/usr/xpg4/bin/ed and /usr/xpg6/bin/ed

If ed executes commands with arguments, it uses

/usr/xpg4/bin/sh (see ksh(1)). Regular Expressions

The ed utility supports a limited form of regular expression

notation. Regular expressions are used in addresses to

specify lines and in some commands (for example, s) to

specify portions of a line that are to be substituted. To

understand addressing in ed, it is necessary to know that at

any time there is a current line. Generally speaking, the

current line is the last line affected by a command. The

exact effect on the current line is discussed under the

description of each command.

Internationalized Basic Regular Expressions are used for all

system-supplied locales. See regex(5).

ed Commands

Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses. Commands that require no addresses regard the presence of an address as an error. Commands that accept one or two addresses assume default addresses when an insufficient number of addresses is given; if more addresses are given than such a

command requires, the last one(s) are used.

Typically, addresses are separated from each other by a

comma (,). They may also be separated by a semicolon (;). In

the latter case, the first address is calculated, the

current line (.) is set to that value, and then the second

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User Commands ed(1)

address is calculated. This feature can be used to determine

the starting line for forward and backward searches (see

Rules 5 and 6, above). The second address of any two-address

sequence must correspond to a line in the buffer that fol-

lows the line corresponding to the first address.

For /usr/xpg6/gbin/ed, the address can be omitted on either

side of the comma or semicolon separator, in which case the resulting address pairs are as follows:

____________________________________________________________

| Specified | Resulting |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| , | 1 , $ |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| , addr | 1 , addr |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| addr , | addr , addr |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| ; | 1 ; $ |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| ; addr | 1 ; addr |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| addr ; | addr ; addr |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

Any s included between addresses, address separators,

or address offsets are ignored.

In the following list of ed commands, the parentheses shown

prior to the command are not part of the address. Rather,

the parentheses show the default address(es) for the com-

mand.

Each address component can be preceded by zero or more blank

characters. The command letter can be preceded by zero or

more blank characters. If a suffix letter (l, n, or p) is

given, it must immediately follow the command.

The e, E, f, r, and w commands take an optional file parame-

ter, separated from the command letter by one or more blank

characters.

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User Commands ed(1)

If changes have been made in the buffer since the last w

command that wrote the entire buffer, ed warns the user if

an attempt is made to destroy the editor buffer via the e or

q commands. The ed utility writes the string:

"?\n"

(followed by an explanatory message if help mode has been

enabled via the H command) to standard output and continues

in command mode with the current line number unchanged. If

the e or q command is repeated with no intervening command,

ed takes effect.

If an end-of-file is detected on standard input when a com-

mand is expected, the ed utility acts as if a q command had

been entered.

It is generally illegal for more than one command to appear on a line. However, any command (except e, f, r, or w) may

be suffixed by l, n, or p in which case the current line is

either listed, numbered or written, respectively, as dis-

cussed below under the l, n, and p commands.

(.)a The append command accepts zero or more lines of

text and appends it after the addressed line in

. the buffer. The current line (.) is left at the

last inserted line, or, if there were none, at

the addressed line. Address 0 is legal for this

command: it causes the ``appended'' text to be

placed at the beginning of the buffer. The max-

imum number of characters that may be entered

from a terminal is 256 per line (including the

new-line character).

(.,.)c The change command deletes the addressed lines

from the buffer, then accepts zero or more lines . of text that replaces these lines in the buffer. The current line (.) is left at the last line input, or, if there were none, at the first line

that was not deleted. If the lines deleted were

originally at the end of the buffer, the current line number will be set to the address of the new last line. If no lines remain in the buffer, the current line number will be set to 0.

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User Commands ed(1)

/usr/xpg4/bin/ed Address 0 is not legal for

this command.

/usr/xpg6/bin/ed Address 0 is valid for this

command. It is interpreted as

if the address 1 were speci-

fied.

C Same as the X command, described later, except

that ed assumes all text read in for the e and r

commands is encrypted unless a null key is typed

in.

(.,.)d The delete command deletes the addressed lines

from the buffer. The line after the last line

deleted becomes the current line. If the lines

deleted were originally at the end of the buffer,

the new last line becomes the current line. If no lines remain in the buffer, the current line number will be set to 0.

e file The edit command deletes the entire contents of

the buffer and then reads the contents of file into the buffer. The current line (.) is set to the last line of the buffer. If file is not

given, the currently remembered file name, if

any, is used (see the f command). The number of

bytes read will be written to standard output,

unless the -s option was specified, in the fol-

lowing format:

"%d\n"

file is remembered for possible use as a default

file name in subsequent e, E, r, and w commands.

If file is replaced by !, the rest of the line is

taken to be a shell ( sh(1)) command whose output

is to be read. Such a shell command is not remem-

bered as the current file name. See also DIAG-

NOSTICS below. All marks are discarded upon the

completion of a successful e command. If the

buffer has changed since the last time the entire

buffer was written, the user is warned, as

described previously.

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User Commands ed(1)

E file The Edit command is like e, except that the edi-

tor does not check to see if any changes have been made to the buffer since the last w command. f file If file is given, the f command changes the

currently remembered path name to file. Whether

the name is changed or not, the f command then

writes the (possibly new) currently remembered

path name to the standard output in the following format:

"%s\n"pathname

The current line number is unchanged.

(1,$)g/RE/command list In the global command, the first

step is to mark every line that matches the given RE. Then, for every such line, the given command

list is executed with the current

line (.) initially set to that

line. When the g command com-

pletes, the current line number

has the value assigned by the last

command in the command list. If there were no matching lines, the current line number is not

changed. A single command or the

first of a list of commands appears on the same line as the global command. All lines of a

multi-line list except the last

line must be ended with a

backslash (\); a, i, and c com-

mands and associated input are

permitted. The . terminating input

mode may be omitted if it would be

the last line of the command list. An empty command list is equivalent to the p command. The g, G, v, V, and ! commands are not

permitted in the command list. See

also the NOTES and the last para-

graph before FILES below. Any

character other than space or new-

line can be used instead of a

slash to delimit the RE. Within the RE, the RE delimiter itself

can be used as a literal character

if it is preceded by a backslash.

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User Commands ed(1)

(1,$)G/RE/ In the interactive Global command,

the first step is to mark every line that matches the given RE. Then, for every such line, that

line is written to standard out-

put, the current line (.) is

changed to that line, and any one

command (other than one of the a, c, i, g, G, v, and V commands) may

be input and is executed. After

the execution of that command, the

next marked line is written, and

so on. A new-line acts as a null

command. An & causes the re-

execution of the most recent non-

null command executed within the

current invocation of G. Note: The commands input as part of the execution of the G command may address and affect any lines in the buffer. The final value of the current line number is the value

set by the last command success-

fully executed. (Notice that the

last command successfully executed

is the G command itself if a com-

mand fails or the null command is

specified.) If there were no

matching lines, the current line

number is not changed. The G com-

mand can be terminated by a SIGINT

signal. The G command can be ter-

minated by an interrupt signal

(ASCII DEL or BREAK). Any charac-

ter other than space or newline

can be used instead of a slash to

delimit the RE. Within the RE, the

RE delimiter itself can be used as

a literal character if it is pre-

ceded by a backslash.

h The help command gives a short error message that explains the

reason for the most recent ? diag-

nostic. The current line number is

unchanged.

H The Help command causes ed to

enter a mode in which error mes-

sages are written for all

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User Commands ed(1)

subsequent ? diagnostics. It also explains the previous ? if there was one. The H command alternately turns this mode on and off; it is initially off. The current line

number is unchanged.

(.,.)i The insert command accepts zero or more lines of text and inserts it

. before the addressed line in the

buffer. The current line (.) is

left at the last inserted line,

or, if there were none, at the

addressed line. This command

differs from the a command only in the placement of the input text. The maximum number of characters

that may be entered from a termi-

nal is 256 per line (including the

new-line character).

/usr/xpg4/bin/ed Address 0 is

not legal for this command.

/usr/xpg6/bin/ed Address 0 is

valid for this command. It is

interpreted as

if the address

1 were speci-

fied.

(.,.+1)j The join command joins contiguous lines by removing the appropriate

new-line characters. If exactly

one address is given, this command

does nothing. If lines are joined,

the current line number is set to

the address of the joined line.

Otherwise, the current line number

is unchanged.

(.)kx The mark command marks the

addressed line with name x, which

must be an ASCII lower-case letter

(a-z). The address a'x then

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User Commands ed(1)

addresses this line. The current

line (.) is unchanged.

(.,.)l The l command writes to standard

output the addressed lines in a

visually unambiguous form. The characters ( \\, \a, \b, \f, \r, \t, \v) are written as the corresponding escape sequence. The

\n in that table is not applica-

ble. Non-printable characters not

in the table are written as one

three-digit octal number (with a

preceding backslash character) for

each byte in the character, with the most significant byte first.

Long lines are folded, with the

point of folding indicated by

writing backslash/newline charac-

ter. The length at which folding

occurs is unspecified, but should

be appropriate for the output dev-

ice. The end of each line is

marked with a $. When using the

/usr/xpg6/bin/ed command, the end

of each line is marked with a $

due to folding, and $ characters

within the text are written with a

preceding backslash. An l command

can be appended to any other com-

mand other than e, E, f, q, Q, r, w, or !. The current line number is set to the address of the last line written. (.,.)ma The move command repositions the

addressed line(s) after the line

addressed by a. Address 0 is legal

for a and causes the addressed

line(s) to be moved to the begin-

ning of the file. It is an error if address a falls within the

range of moved lines. The current

line (.) is left at the last line

moved.

(.,.)n The number command writes the

addressed lines, preceding each

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User Commands ed(1)

line by its line number and a tab character. The current line (.) is left at the last line written. The

n command may be appended to any

command other than e, E, f, q, Q, r, w, or !. (.,.)p The print command writes the

addressed lines to standard out-

put. The current line (.) is left at the last line written. The p

command may be appended to any

command other than e, E, f, q, Q, r, w, or !. For example, dp deletes the current line and writes the new current line.

P The P command causes ed to prompt

with an asterisk (*) (or string,

if -p is specified) for all subse-

quent commands. The P command alternatively turns this mode on and off; it is initially on if the

-p option is specified, otherwise

off. The current line is

unchanged.

q The quit command causes ed to

exit. If the buffer has changed

since the last time the entire buffer was written, the user is

warned. See DIAGNOSTICS.

Q The editor exits without checking

if changes have been made in the buffer since the last w command.

($)r file The read command reads the con-

tents of file into the buffer. If file is not given, the currently

remembered file name, if any, is

used (see the e and f commands).

The currently remembered file name

is not changed unless file is the

very first file name mentioned

since ed was invoked. Address 0 is

legal for r and causes the file to

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User Commands ed(1)

be read in at the beginning of the buffer. If the read is successful

and the -s option was not speci-

fied, the number of characters

read is written to standard output in the following format:

%d\n,

The current line (.) is set to the last line read. If file is

replaced by !, the rest of the

line is taken to be a shell com-

mand (see sh(1)) whose output is

to be read. For example, $r !ls

appends the current directory to

the end of the file being edited.

Such a shell command is not remem-

bered as the current file name.

(.,.)s/RE/replacement/

(.,.)s/RE/replacement/count, count=[1-2047]

(.,.)s/RE/replacement/g

(.,.)s/RE/replacement/l

(.,.)s/RE/replacement/n

(.,.)s/RE/replacement/p

The substitute command searches each addressed line for

an occurrence of the specified RE. Zero or more substi-

tution commands can be specified. In each line in which

a match is found, all (non-overlapped) matched strings

are replaced by the replacement if the global replace-

ment indicator g appears after the command. If the glo-

bal indicator does not appear, only the first occurrence

of the matched string is replaced. If a number count

appears after the command, only the count-th occurrence

of the matched string on each addressed line is

replaced. It is an error if the substitution fails on

all addressed lines. Any character other than space or

new-line may be used instead of the slash (/) to delimit

the RE and the replacement. The current line (.) is left

at the last line on which a substitution occurred.

Within the RE, the RE delimiter itself can be used as a

literal character if it is preceded by a backslash. See

also the last paragraph before FILES below. An ampersand (&) appearing in the replacement is

replaced by the string matching the RE on the current

line. The special meaning of & in this context may be

suppressed by preceding it by \. As a more general

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User Commands ed(1)

feature, the characters \n, where n is a digit, are

replaced by the text matched by the n-th regular subex-

pression of the specified RE enclosed between $ and $.

When nested parenthesized subexpressions are present, n

is determined by counting occurrences of \( starting

from the left. When the character % is the only charac-

ter in the replacement, the replacement used in the most

recent substitute command is used as the replacement in

the current substitute command. If there was no previous

substitute command, the use of % in this manner is an

error. The % loses its special meaning when it is in a

replacement string of more than one character or is pre-

ceded by a \. For each backslash (\) encountered in

scanning replacement from beginning to end, the follow-

ing character loses its special meaning (if any). It is

unspecified what special meaning is given to any charac-

ter other than &, \, %, or digits.

A line may be split by substituting a new-line character

into it. The new-line in the replacement must be escaped

by preceding it by \. Such substitution cannot be done

as part of a g or v command list. The current line number is set to the address of the last line on which a

substitution is performed. If no substitution is per-

formed, the current line number is unchanged. If a line

is split, a substitution is considered to have been per-

formed on each of the new lines for the purpose of

determining the new current line number. A substitution

is considered to have been performed even if the

replacement string is identical to the string that it replaces.

The substitute command supports the following indica-

tors: count Substitute for the countth occurrence only of

the RE found on each addressed line. count must

be between 1-2047.

g Globally substitute for all non-overlapping

instances of the RE rather than just the first

one. If both g and count are specified, the

results are unspecified.

l Write to standard output the final line in which a substitution was made. The line is

written in the format specified for the l com-

mand.

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User Commands ed(1)

n Write to standard output the final line in which a substitution was made. The line is

written in the format specified for the n com-

mand. p Write to standard output the final line in which a substitution was made. The line will be

written in the format specified for the p com-

mand. (.,.)ta This command acts just like the m command, except that a

copy of the addressed lines is placed after address a

(which may be 0). The current line (.) is left at the

last line copied.

u The undo command nullifies the effect of the most recent

command that modified anything in the buffer, namely the

most recent a, c, d, g, i, j, m, r, s, t, u, v, G, or V command. All changes made to the buffer by a g, G, v, or V global command is undone as a single change.If no changes were made by the global command (such as with g/ RE/p), the u command has no effect. The current line

number is set to the value it had immediately before

the command being undone started.

(1,$)v/RE/command list

This command is the same as the global command g, except

that the lines marked during the first step are those

that do not match the RE.

(1,$)V/RE/

This command is the same as the interactive global com-

mand G, except that the lines that are marked during the

first step are those that do not match the RE.

(1,$)w file

The write command writes the addressed lines into file.

If file does not exist, it is created with mode 666

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User Commands ed(1)

(readable and writable by everyone), unless your file creation mask dictates otherwise. See the description of

the umask special command on sh(1). The currently remem-

bered file name is not changed unless file is the very

first file name mentioned since ed was invoked. If no

file name is given, the currently remembered file name,

if any, is used (see the e and f commands). The current

line (.) is unchanged. If the command is successful, the

number of characters written is printed, unless the -s

option is specified in the following format:

"%d\n",

If file is replaced by !, the rest of the line is taken

to be a shell (see sh(1)) command whose standard input

is the addressed lines. Such a shell command is not

remembered as the current path name. This usage of the

write command with ! is to be considered as a ``last w

command that wrote the entire buffer''.

(1,$)W file This command is the same as the write

command above, except that it appends the

addressed lines to the end of file if it

exists. If file does not exist, it is

created as described above for the w com-

mand.

X An educated guess is made to determine

whether text read for the e and r com-

mands is encrypted. A null key turns off

encryption. Subsequent e, r, and w com-

mands will use this key to encrypt or decrypt the text. An explicitly empty key

turns off encryption. Also, see the -x

option of ed.

($)= The line number of the addressed line is

written to standard output in the follow-

ing format:

"%d\n"

The current line number is unchanged by

this command.

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User Commands ed(1)

!shell command The remainder of the line after the ! is sent to the UNIX system shell (see sh(1))

to be interpreted as a command. Within

the text of that command, the unescaped

character % is replaced with the remem-

bered file name. If a ! appears as the

first character of the shell command, it

is replaced with the text of the previous

shell command. Thus, !! repeats the last

shell command. If any replacements of %

or ! are performed, the modified line is

written to the standard output before

command is executed. The ! command will

write: "!\n" to standard output upon completion,

unless the -s option is specified. The

current line number is unchanged.

(.+1) An address alone on a line causes the

addressed line to be written. A new-line

alone is equivalent to .+1p. It is useful for stepping forward through the buffer. The current line number will be set to the address of the written line.

If an interrupt signal (ASCII DEL or BREAK) is sent, ed

writes a "?\n" and returns to its command level.

The ed utility takes the standard action for all signals

with the following exceptions:

SIGINT The ed utility interrupts its current activity,

writes the string "?\n" to standard output, and returns to command mode.

SIGHUP If the buffer is not empty and has changed since

the last write, the ed utility attempts to write a

copy of the buffer in a file. First, the file

named ed.hup in the current directory is used. If

that fails, the file named ed.hup in the directory

named by the HOME environment variable is used. In

any case, the ed utility exits without returning

to command mode.

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User Commands ed(1)

Some size limitations are in effect: 512 characters in a

line, 256 characters in a global command list, and 255 char-

acters in the path name of a file (counting slashes). The limit on the number of lines depends on the amount of user memory. Each line takes 1 word.

When reading a file, ed discards ASCII and NUL characters.

If a file is not terminated by a new-line character, ed adds

one and puts out a message explaining what it did. If the closing delimiter of an RE or of a replacement string

(for example, /) would be the last character before a new-

line, that delimiter may be omitted, in which case the

addressed line is written. The following pairs of commands

are equivalent: s/s1/s2 s/s1/s2/p g/s1 g/s1/p ?s1 ?s1?

If an invalid command is entered, ed writes the string:

"?\n"

(followed by an explanatory message if help mode has been

enabled by the H command) to standard output and continues

in command mode with the current line number unchanged.

OPTIONS

-C Encryption option. The same as the -x option,

except that ed simulates a C command. The C

command is like the X command, except that all

text read in is assumed to have been encrypted.

-pstring Allows the user to specify a prompt string. By

default, there is no prompt string.

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User Commands ed(1)

-s | -; Suppresses the writing of character counts by

e, r, and w commands, of diagnostics from e and q commands, and of the ! prompt after a !shell command.

-x Encryption option. When -x is used, ed simu-

lates an X command and prompts the user for a

key. The X command makes an educated guess to

determine whether text read in is encrypted or

not. The temporary buffer file is encrypted

also, using a transformed version of the key

typed in for the -x option. See NOTES.

OPERANDS

The following operand is supported:

file If file is specified, ed simulates an e command on

the file named by the path name file before accept-

ing commands from the standard input.

USAGE

See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of ed

and red when encountering files greater than or equal to 2

Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes). ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment

variables that affect the execution of ed: HOME, LANG,

LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values are returned:

0 Successful completion without any file or command errors.

>0 An error occurred.

FILES

$TMPDIR If this environment variable is not NULL, its

value is used in place of /var/tmp as the direc-

tory name for the temporary work file.

/var/tmp If /var/tmp exists, it is used as the directory

name for the temporary work file.

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User Commands ed(1)

/tmp If the environment variable TMPDIR does not exist or is NULL, and if /var/tmp does not

exist, then /tmp is used as the directory name

for the temporary work file.

ed.hup Work is saved here if the terminal is hung up.

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-

butes:

/usr/bin/ed, /usr/bin/red

____________________________________________________________

| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| Availability | SUNWcs |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| CSI | Enabled |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

/usr/xpg4/bin/ed

____________________________________________________________

| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| CSI | Enabled |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| Interface Stability | Committed |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| Standard | See standards(5). |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

/usr/xpg6/bin/ed

SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Dec 2003 18

User Commands ed(1)

____________________________________________________________

| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| Availability | SUNWxcu6 |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| CSI | Enabled |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

| Interface Stability | Standard |

|_____________________________|_____________________________|

bfs(1), edit(1), ex(1), grep(1), ksh(1), sed(1), sh(1),

stty(1), umask(1), vi(1), fspec(4), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), regex(5), standards(5) DIAGNOSTICS ? for command errors. ?file for an inaccessible file. Use the help and Help

commands for detailed explanations.

If changes have been made in the buffer since the last w

command that wrote the entire buffer, ed warns the user if

an attempt is made to destroy ed's buffer via the e or q

commands. It writes ? and allows one to continue editing. A

second e or q command at this point will take effect. The -s

command-line option inhibits this feature.

NOTES

The - option, although it continues to be supported, has

been replaced in the documentation by the -s option that

follows the Command Syntax Standard (see Intro(1)). A ! command cannot be subject to a g or a v command. The ! command and the ! escape from the e, r, and w commands

cannot be used if the editor is invoked from a restricted

shell (see sh(1)).

The sequence \n in an RE does not match a new-line charac-

ter.

If the editor input is coming from a command file (for exam-

ple, ed file < ed_cmd_file), the editor exits at the first

SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Dec 2003 19

User Commands ed(1)

failure. Loading an alternate malloc() library using the environment

variable LD_PRELOAD can cause problems for /usr/bin/ed.

SunOS 5.11 Last change: 10 Dec 2003 20