Windows PowerShell command on Get-command zshparam

Manual Pages for UNIX Operating System command usage for man zshparam

User Commands ZSHPARAM(1)

NAME

zshparam - zsh parameters

DESCRIPTION

A parameter has a name, a value, and a number of attributes. A name may be any sequence of alphanumeric characters and

underscores, or the single characters `*', `@', `#', `?',

`-', `$', or `!'. The value may be a scalar (a string), an

integer, an array (indexed numerically), or an associative

array (an unordered set of name-value pairs, indexed by

name). To declare the type of a parameter, or to assign a scalar or integer value to a parameter, use the typeset builtin. The value of a scalar or integer parameter may also be assigned by writing: name=value

If the integer attribute, -i, is set for name, the value is

subject to arithmetic evaluation. Furthermore, by replacing `=' with `+=', a parameter can be added or appended to. See the section `Array Parameters' for additional forms of assignment.

To refer to the value of a parameter, write `$name' or

`${name}'. See Parameter Expansion in zshexpn(1) for com-

plete details. In the parameter lists that follow, the mark `' indicates that the parameter is special. Special parameters cannot have their type changed or their readonly attribute turned off, and if a special parameter is unset, then later recreated, the special properties will be retained. `' indicates that the parameter does not exist when the shell initializes in sh or ksh emulation mode.
ARRAY PARAMETERS
To assign an array value, write one of:
set -A name value ...
name=(value ...) If no parameter name exists, an ordinary array parameter is created. If the parameter name exists and is a scalar, it is replaced by a new array. Ordinary array parameters may also be explicitly declared with:
typeset -a name
Associative arrays must be declared before assignment, by using: zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 1 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1)
typeset -A name
When name refers to an associative array, the list in an assignment is interpreted as alternating keys and values:
set -A name key value ...
name=(key value ...) Every key must have a value in this case. Note that this assigns to the entire array, deleting any elements that do not appear in the list. To create an empty array (including associative arrays), use one of:
set -A name
name=() Array Subscripts
Individual elements of an array may be selected using a sub-
script. A subscript of the form `[exp]' selects the single element exp, where exp is an arithmetic expression which
will be subject to arithmetic expansion as if it were sur-
rounded by `$((...))'. The elements are numbered beginning
with 1, unless the KSH_ARRAYS option is set in which case
they are numbered from zero. Subscripts may be used inside braces used to delimit a
parameter name, thus `${foo[2]}' is equivalent to `$foo[2]'.
If the KSH_ARRAYS option is set, the braced form is the only
one that works, as bracketed expressions otherwise are not treated as subscripts.
If the KSH_ARRAYS option is not set, then by default
accesses to an array element with a subscript that evaluates to zero return an empty string, while an attempt to write
such an element is treated as an error. For backward compa-
tibility the KSH_ZERO_SUBSCRIPT option can be set to cause
subscript values 0 and 1 to be equivalent; see the descrip-
tion of the option in zshoptions(1). The same subscripting syntax is used for associative arrays,
except that no arithmetic expansion is applied to exp. How-
ever, the parsing rules for arithmetic expressions still apply, which affects the way that certain special characters
must be protected from interpretation. See Subscript Pars-
ing below for details.
A subscript of the form `[*]' or `[@]' evaluates to all ele-
ments of an array; there is no difference between the two
except when they appear within double quotes. `"$foo[*]"'
evaluates to `"$foo[1] $foo[2] ..."', whereas `"$foo[@]"'
zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 2 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1)
evaluates to `"$foo[1]" "$foo[2]" ...'. For associative
arrays, `[*]' or `[@]' evaluate to all the values, in no particular order. Note that this does not substitute the keys; see the documentation for the `k' flag under Parameter Expansion Flags in zshexpn(1) for complete details. When an
array parameter is referenced as `$name' (with no subscript)
it evaluates to `$name[*]', unless the KSH_ARRAYS option is
set in which case it evaluates to `${name[0]}' (for an asso-
ciative array, this means the value of the key `0', which may not exist even if there are values for other keys). A subscript of the form `[exp1,exp2]' selects all elements in the range exp1 to exp2, inclusive. (Associative arrays are unordered, and so do not support ranges.) If one of the
subscripts evaluates to a negative number, say -n, then the
nth element from the end of the array is used. Thus
`$foo[-3]' is the third element from the end of the array
foo, and `$foo[1,-1]' is the same as `$foo[*]'.

Subscripting may also be performed on non-array values, in
which case the subscripts specify a substring to be extracted. For example, if FOO is set to `foobar', then
`echo $FOO[2,5]' prints `ooba'.
Array Element Assignment A subscript may be used on the left side of an assignment like so: name[exp]=value In this form of assignment the element or range specified by exp is replaced by the expression on the right side. An array (but not an associative array) may be created by assignment to a range or element. Arrays do not nest, so assigning a parenthesized list of values to an element or range changes the number of elements in the array, shifting the other elements to accommodate the new values. (This is not supported for associative arrays.)
This syntax also works as an argument to the typeset com-
mand: typeset "name[exp]"=value The value may not be a parenthesized list in this case; only
single-element assignments may be made with typeset. Note
that quotes are necessary in this case to prevent the brack-
ets from being interpreted as filename generation operators. The noglob precommand modifier could be used instead. To delete an element of an ordinary array, assign `()' to that element. To delete an element of an associative array, zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 3 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) use the unset command: unset "name[exp]" Subscript Flags
If the opening bracket, or the comma in a range, in any sub-
script expression is directly followed by an opening parenthesis, the string up to the matching closing one is considered to be a list of flags, as in `name[(flags)exp]'. The flags s, n and b take an argument; the delimiter is shown below as `:', but any character, or the matching pairs `(...)', `{...}', `[...]', or `<...>', may be used. The flags currently understood are: w If the parameter subscripted is a scalar then this flag makes subscripting work on words instead of characters. The default word separator is whitespace. This flag may not be used with the i or I flag. s:string: This gives the string that separates words (for use
with the w flag). The delimiter character : is arbi-
trary; see above.
p Recognize the same escape sequences as the print buil-
tin in the string argument of a subsequent `s' flag. f If the parameter subscripted is a scalar then this flag makes subscripting work on lines instead of characters, i.e. with elements separated by newlines. This is a shorthand for `pws:\n:'. r Reverse subscripting: if this flag is given, the exp is taken as a pattern and the result is the first matching array element, substring or word (if the parameter is an array, if it is a scalar, or if it is a scalar and the `w' flag is given, respectively). The subscript used is the number of the matching element, so that
pairs of subscripts such as `$foo[(r)??,3]' and
`$foo[(r)??,(r)f*]' are possible if the parameter is
not an associative array. If the parameter is an asso-
ciative array, only the value part of each pair is com-
pared to the pattern, and the result is that value. If a search through an ordinary array failed, the search sets the subscript to one past the end of the
array, and hence ${array[(r)pattern]} will substitute
the empty string. Thus the success of a search can be tested by using the (i) flag, for example (assuming the
option KSH_ARRAYS is not in effect):
zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 4 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1)
[[ ${array[(i)pattern]} -le ${#array} ]]

If KSH_ARRAYS is in effect, the -le should be replaced
by -lt.

R Like `r', but gives the last match. For associa-
tive arrays, gives all possible matches. May be used for assigning to ordinary array elements, but not for assigning to associative arrays. On failure, for normal arrays this has the effect of returning the element corresponding to subscript 0; this is empty unless one of the options
KSH_ARRAYS or KSH_ZERO_SUBSCRIPT is in effect.

Note that in subscripts with both `r' and `R' pat-
tern characters are active even if they were sub-
stituted for a parameter (regardless of the set-
ting of GLOB_SUBST which controls this feature in
normal pattern matching). The flag `e' can be added to inhibit pattern matching. As this flag does not inhibit other forms of substitution, care is still required; using a parameter to hold the key has the desired effect: key2='original key'
print ${array[(Re)$key2]}
i Like `r', but gives the index of the match instead; this may not be combined with a second argument. On the left side of an assignment, behaves like `r'. For
associative arrays, the key part of each pair is com-
pared to the pattern, and the first matching key found is the result. On failure substitutes the length of the array plus one, as discussed under the description of `r', or the empty string for an associative array. I Like `i', but gives the index of the last match, or all possible matching keys in an associative array. On
failure substitutes 0, or the empty string for an asso-
ciative array. This flag is best when testing for values or keys that do not exist. k If used in a subscript on an associative array, this flag causes the keys to be interpreted as patterns, and returns the value for the first key found where exp is matched by the key. Note this could be any such key as no ordering of associative arrays is defined. This flag does not work on the left side of an assignment to an associative array element. If used on another type of parameter, this behaves like `r'. K On an associative array this is like `k' but returns zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 5 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) all values where exp is matched by the keys. On other types of parameters this has the same effect as `R'. n:expr: If combined with `r', `R', `i' or `I', makes them give the nth or nth last match (if expr evaluates to n). This flag is ignored when the array is associative. The delimiter character : is arbitrary; see above. b:expr: If combined with `r', `R', `i' or `I', makes them begin at the nth or nth last element, word, or character (if expr evaluates to n). This flag is ignored when the array is associative. The delimiter character : is arbitrary; see above. e This flag causes any pattern matching that would be performed on the subscript to use plain string matching
instead. Hence `${array[(re)*]}' matches only the
array element whose value is *. Note that other forms of substitution such as parameter substitution are not inhibited.
This flag can also be used to force * or @ to be inter-
preted as a single key rather than as a reference to all values. It may be used for either purpose on the left side of an assignment. See Parameter Expansion Flags (zshexpn(1)) for additional ways to manipulate the results of array subscripting. Subscript Parsing This discussion applies mainly to associative array key strings and to patterns used for reverse subscripting (the `r', `R', `i', etc. flags), but it may also affect parameter
substitutions that appear as part of an arithmetic expres-
sion in an ordinary subscript. It is possible to avoid the use of subscripts in assignments to associative array elements by using the syntax: aa+=('key with "*strange*" characters' 'value string') This adds a new key/value pair if the key is not already present, and replaces the value for the existing key if it is.
The basic rule to remember when writing a subscript expres-
sion is that all text between the opening `[' and the clos-
ing `]' is interpreted as if it were in double quotes (see zshmisc(1)). However, unlike double quotes which normally zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 6 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) cannot nest, subscript expressions may appear inside
double-quoted strings or inside other subscript expressions
(or both!), so the rules have two important differences. The first difference is that brackets (`[' and `]') must appear as balanced pairs in a subscript expression unless they are preceded by a backslash (`\'). Therefore, within a
subscript expression (and unlike true double-quoting) the
sequence `\[' becomes `[', and similarly `\]' becomes `]'. This applies even in cases where a backslash is not normally required; for example, the pattern `[^[]' (to match any character other than an open bracket) should be written
`[^\[]' in a reverse-subscript pattern. However, note that
`\[^\[\]' and even `\[^[]' mean the same thing, because backslashes are always stripped when they appear before brackets! The same rule applies to parentheses (`(' and `)') and braces (`{' and `}'): they must appear either in balanced
pairs or preceded by a backslash, and backslashes that pro-
tect parentheses or braces are removed during parsing. This
is because parameter expansions may be surrounded by bal-
anced braces, and subscript flags are introduced by balanced parentheses.
The second difference is that a double-quote (`"') may
appear as part of a subscript expression without being pre-
ceded by a backslash, and therefore that the two characters `\"' remain as two characters in the subscript (in true
double-quoting, `\"' becomes `"'). However, because of the
standard shell quoting rules, any double-quotes that appear
must occur in balanced pairs unless preceded by a backslash. This makes it more difficult to write a subscript expression
that contains an odd number of double-quote characters, but
the reason for this difference is so that when a subscript
expression appears inside true double-quotes, one can still
write `\"' (rather than `\\\"') for `"'.
To use an odd number of double quotes as a key in an assign-
ment, use the typeset builtin and an enclosing pair of dou-
ble quotes; to refer to the value of that key, again use double quotes:
typeset -A aa
typeset "aa[one\"two\"three\"quotes]"=QQQ
print "$aa[one\"two\"three\"quotes]"
It is important to note that the quoting rules do not change when a parameter expansion with a subscript is nested inside another subscript expression. That is, it is not necessary to use additional backslashes within the inner subscript expression; they are removed only once, from the innermost zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 7 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) subscript outwards. Parameters are also expanded from the innermost subscript first, as each expansion is encountered left to right in the outer expression. A further complication arises from a way in which subscript parsing is not different from double quote parsing. As in
true double-quoting, the sequences `\*', and `\@' remain as
two characters when they appear in a subscript expression. To use a literal `*' or `@' as an associative array key, the `e' flag must be used:
typeset -A aa
aa[(e)*]=star
print $aa[(e)*]
A last detail must be considered when reverse subscripting
is performed. Parameters appearing in the subscript expres-
sion are first expanded and then the complete expression is interpreted as a pattern. This has two effects: first,
parameters behave as if GLOB_SUBST were on (and it cannot be
turned off); second, backslashes are interpreted twice, once when parsing the array subscript and again when parsing the pattern. In a reverse subscript, it's necessary to use four backslashes to cause a single backslash to match literally in the pattern. For complex patterns, it is often easiest to assign the desired pattern to a parameter and then refer to that parameter in the subscript, because then the backslashes, brackets, parentheses, etc., are seen only when the complete expression is converted to a pattern. To match the value of a parameter literally in a reverse subscript,
rather than as a pattern, use `${(q)name}' (see zshexpn(1))
to quote the expanded value. Note that the `k' and `K' flags are reverse subscripting for an ordinary array, but are not reverse subscripting for an associative array! (For an associative array, the keys in the array itself are interpreted as patterns by those flags; the subscript is a plain string in that case.) One final note, not directly related to subscripting: the numeric names of positional parameters (described below) are
parsed specially, so for example `$2foo' is equivalent to
`${2}foo'. Therefore, to use subscript syntax to extract a
substring from a positional parameter, the expansion must be
surrounded by braces; for example, `${2[3,5]}' evaluates to
the third through fifth characters of the second positional
parameter, but `$2[3,5]' is the entire second parameter con-
catenated with the filename generation pattern `[3,5]'.
POSITIONAL PARAMETERS
The positional parameters provide access to the command-line
arguments of a shell function, shell script, or the shell zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 8 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) itself; see the section `Invocation', and also the section `Functions'. The parameter n, where n is a number, is the nth positional parameter. The parameters *, @ and argv are arrays containing all the positional parameters; thus
`$argv[n]', etc., is equivalent to simply `$n'.
Positional parameters may be changed after the shell or function starts by using the set builtin, by assigning to the argv array, or by direct assignment of the form `n=value' where n is the number of the positional parameter to be changed. This also creates (with empty values) any of the positions from 1 to n that do not already have values. Note that, because the positional parameters form an array, an array assignment of the form `n=(value ...)' is allowed, and has the effect of shifting all the values at positions
greater than n by as many positions as necessary to accommo-
date the new values.
LOCAL PARAMETERS
Shell function executions delimit scopes for shell parame-
ters. (Parameters are dynamically scoped.) The typeset builtin, and its alternative forms declare, integer, local and readonly (but not export), can be used to declare a parameter as being local to the innermost scope. When a parameter is read or assigned to, the innermost existing parameter of that name is used. (That is, the
local parameter hides any less-local parameter.) However,
assigning to a non-existent parameter, or declaring a new
parameter with export, causes it to be created in the outer-
most scope. Local parameters disappear when their scope ends. unset can be used to delete a parameter while it is still in scope; any outer parameter of the same name remains hidden. Special parameters may also be made local; they retain their special attributes unless either the existing or the
newly-created parameter has the -h (hide) attribute. This
may have unexpected effects: there is no default value, so if there is no assignment at the point the variable is made local, it will be set to an empty value (or zero in the case of integers). The following:
typeset PATH=/new/directory:$PATH
is valid for temporarily allowing the shell or programmes called from it to find the programs in /new/directory inside a function. Note that the restriction in older versions of zsh that local parameters were never exported has been removed. zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 9 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1)
PARAMETERS SET BY THE SHELL
The following parameters are automatically set by the shell: !
The process ID of the last command started in the back-
ground with &, or put into the background with the bg builtin.
#
The number of positional parameters in decimal. Note
that some confusion may occur with the syntax $#param
which substitutes the length of param. Use ${#} to
resolve ambiguities. In particular, the sequence
`$#-...' in an arithmetic expression is interpreted as
the length of the parameter -, q.v.
ARGC
Same as #.

$
The process ID of this shell. Note that this indicates the original shell started by invoking zsh; all processes forked from the shells without executing a
new program, such as subshells started by (...), sub-
stitute the same value.
-
Flags supplied to the shell on invocation or by the set or setopt commands. * An array containing the positional parameters. argv
Same as *. Assigning to argv changes the local posi-
tional parameters, but argv is not itself a local parameter. Deleting argv with unset in any function deletes it everywhere, although only the innermost positional parameter array is deleted (so * and @ in other scopes are not affected). @ Same as argv[@], even when argv is not set. ? The exit status returned by the last command. 0 The name used to invoke the current shell. If the
FUNCTION_ARGZERO option is set, this is set temporarily
within a shell function to the name of the function, and within a sourced script to the name of the script. zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 10 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) status Same as ?. pipestatus An array containing the exit statuses returned by all commands in the last pipeline.
_
The last argument of the previous command. Also, this parameter is set in the environment of every command executed to the full pathname of the command. CPUTYPE The machine type (microprocessor class or machine model), as determined at run time. EGID The effective group ID of the shell process. If you
have sufficient privileges, you may change the effec-
tive group ID of the shell process by assigning to this parameter. Also (assuming sufficient privileges), you may start a single command with a different effective group ID by `(EGID=gid; command)' EUID The effective user ID of the shell process. If you
have sufficient privileges, you may change the effec-
tive user ID of the shell process by assigning to this parameter. Also (assuming sufficient privileges), you may start a single command with a different effective user ID by `(EUID=uid; command)' ERRNO The value of errno (see errno(3)) as set by the most recently failed system call. This value is system dependent and is intended for debugging purposes. It is also useful with the zsh/system module which allows the number to be turned into a name or message. GID The real group ID of the shell process. If you have sufficient privileges, you may change the group ID of the shell process by assigning to this parameter. Also
(assuming sufficient privileges), you may start a sin-
gle command under a different group ID by `(GID=gid; command)' HISTCMD The current history line number in an interactive shell, in other words the line number for the command
that caused $HISTCMD to be read.
zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 11 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) HOST The current hostname. LINENO The line number of the current line within the current script, sourced file, or shell function being executed, whichever was started most recently. Note that in the case of shell functions the line number refers to the function as it appeared in the original definition, not necessarily as displayed by the functions builtin.
LOGNAME
If the corresponding variable is not set in the environment of the shell, it is initialized to the login name corresponding to the current login session. This parameter is exported by default but this can be disabled using the typeset builtin. MACHTYPE The machine type (microprocessor class or machine model), as determined at compile time. OLDPWD The previous working directory. This is set when the shell initializes and whenever the directory changes. OPTARG The value of the last option argument processed by the getopts command. OPTIND The index of the last option argument processed by the getopts command. OSTYPE The operating system, as determined at compile time. PPID
The process ID of the parent of the shell. As for $$,
the value indicates the parent of the original shell and does not change in subshells. PWD The present working directory. This is set when the shell initializes and whenever the directory changes. RANDOM
A pseudo-random integer from 0 to 32767, newly gen-
erated each time this parameter is referenced. The random number generator can be seeded by assigning a numeric value to RANDOM.
The values of RANDOM form an intentionally-repeatable
pseudo-random sequence; subshells that reference RANDOM
zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 12 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1)
will result in identical pseudo-random values unless
the value of RANDOM is referenced or seeded in the parent shell in between subshell invocations. SECONDS The number of seconds since shell invocation. If this parameter is assigned a value, then the value returned upon reference will be the value that was assigned plus the number of seconds since the assignment. Unlike other special parameters, the type of the
SECONDS parameter can be changed using the typeset com-
mand. Only integer and one of the floating point types
are allowed. For example, `typeset -F SECONDS' causes
the value to be reported as a floating point number. The value is available to microsecond accuracy, although the shell may show more or fewer digits depending on the use of typeset. See the documentation for the builtin typeset in zshbuiltins(1) for more details. SHLVL Incremented by one each time a new shell is started. signals An array containing the names of the signals.
TRY_BLOCK_ERROR
In an always block, indicates whether the preceding
list of code caused an error. The value is 1 to indi-
cate an error, 0 otherwise. It may be reset, clearing the error condition. See Complex Commands in zshmisc(1) TTY The name of the tty associated with the shell, if any. TTYIDLE The idle time of the tty associated with the shell in
seconds or -1 if there is no such tty.
UID The real user ID of the shell process. If you have sufficient privileges, you may change the user ID of
the shell by assigning to this parameter. Also (assum-
ing sufficient privileges), you may start a single com-
mand under a different user ID by `(UID=uid; command)'
USERNAME
The username corresponding to the real user ID of the shell process. If you have sufficient privileges, you may change the username (and also the user ID and group ID) of the shell by assigning to this parameter. Also zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 13 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1)
(assuming sufficient privileges), you may start a sin-
gle command under a different username (and user ID and
group ID) by `(USERNAME=username; command)'
VENDOR The vendor, as determined at compile time.
ZSH_NAME
Expands to the basename of the command used to invoke this instance of zsh.
ZSH_PATCHLEVEL
The revision string for the version number of the ChangeLog file in the zsh distribution. This is most useful in order to keep track of versions of the shell during development between releases; hence most users should not use it and should instead rely on
$ZSH_VERSION.

zsh_scheduled_events
See the section `The zsh/sched Module' in zshmo-
dules(1).
ZSH_SUBSHELL
Readonly integer. Initially zero, incremented each time the shell forks to create a subshell for executing
code. Hence `(print $ZSH_SUBSHELL)' and `print $(print
$ZSH_SUBSHELL)' output 1, while `( (print
$ZSH_SUBSHELL) )' outputs 2.

ZSH_VERSION
The version number of the release of zsh.
PARAMETERS USED BY THE SHELL
The following parameters are used by the shell.
In cases where there are two parameters with an upper- and
lowercase form of the same name, such as path and PATH, the lowercase form is an array and the uppercase form is a scalar with the elements of the array joined together by colons. These are similar to tied parameters created via
`typeset -T'. The normal use for the colon-separated form
is for exporting to the environment, while the array form is easier to manipulate within the shell. Note that unsetting either of the pair will unset the other; they retain their special properties when recreated, and recreating one of the pair will recreate the other. ARGV0
If exported, its value is used as the argv[0] of exter-
nal commands. Usually used in constructs like `ARGV0=emacs nethack'. zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 14 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) BAUD The rate in bits per second at which data reaches the terminal. The line editor will use this value in order to compensate for a slow terminal by delaying updates to the display until necessary. If the parameter is unset or the value is zero the compensation mechanism is turned off. The parameter is not set by default.
This parameter may be profitably set in some cir-
cumstances, e.g. for slow modems dialing into a com-
munications server, or on a slow wide area network. It should be set to the baud rate of the slowest part of the link for best performance. cdpath (CDPATH )
An array (colon-separated list) of directories specify-
ing the search path for the cd command. COLUMNS The number of columns for this terminal session. Used for printing select lists and for the line editor.
CORRECT_IGNORE
If set, is treated as a pattern during spelling correc-
tion. Any potential correction that matches the pat-
tern is ignored. For example, if the value is `_*'
then completion functions (which, by convention, have
names beginning with `_') will never be offered as
spelling corrections. The pattern does not apply the
correction of file names, as applied by the CORRECT_ALL
option (so with the example just given files beginning
with `_' in the current directory would still be com-
pleted). DIRSTACKSIZE The maximum size of the directory stack. If the stack
gets larger than this, it will be truncated automati-
cally. This is useful with the AUTO_PUSHD option.
ENV If the ENV environment variable is set when zsh is
invoked as sh or ksh, $ENV is sourced after the profile
scripts. The value of ENV is subjected to parameter
expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expan-
sion before being interpreted as a pathname. Note that ENV is not used unless zsh is emulating sh or ksh. FCEDIT The default editor for the fc builtin. If FCEDIT is not set, the parameter EDITOR is used; if that is not set either, a builtin default, usually vi, is used. fignore (FIGNORE ) An array (colon separated list) containing the suffixes zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 15 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) of files to be ignored during filename completion.
However, if completion only generates files with suf-
fixes in this list, then these files are completed any-
way. fpath (FPATH )
An array (colon separated list) of directories specify-
ing the search path for function definitions. This
path is searched when a function with the -u attribute
is referenced. If an executable file is found, then it is read and executed in the current environment. histchars
Three characters used by the shell's history and lexi-
cal analysis mechanism. The first character signals the start of a history expansion (default `!'). The second character signals the start of a quick history substitution (default `^'). The third character is the
comment character (default `#').
The characters must be in the ASCII character set; any attempt to set histchars to characters with a
locale-dependent meaning will be rejected with an error
message. HISTCHARS Same as histchars. (Deprecated.) HISTFILE The file to save the history in when an interactive shell exits. If unset, the history is not saved. HISTSIZE The maximum number of events stored in the internal
history list. If you use the HIST_EXPIRE_DUPS_FIRST
option, setting this value larger than the SAVEHIST
size will give you the difference as a cushion for sav-
ing duplicated history events. HOME The default argument for the cd command. This is not
set automatically by the shell in sh, ksh or csh emula-
tion, but it is typically present in the environment anyway, and if it becomes set it has its usual special behaviour. IFS
Internal field separators (by default space, tab, new-
line and NUL), that are used to separate words which result from command or parameter expansion and words read by the read builtin. Any characters from the set space, tab and newline that appear in the IFS are zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 16 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) called IFS white space. One or more IFS white space
characters or one non-IFS white space character
together with any adjacent IFS white space character delimit a field. If an IFS white space character appears twice consecutively in the IFS, this character
is treated as if it were not an IFS white space charac-
ter. If the parameter is unset, the default is used. Note this has a different effect from setting the parameter to an empty string. KEYTIMEOUT The time the shell waits, in hundredths of seconds, for another key to be pressed when reading bound
multi-character sequences.
LANG This variable determines the locale category for any category not specifically selected via a variable
starting with `LC_'.

LC_ALL
~~This variable overrides the value of the `LANG' vari-~~
~~able and the value of any of the other variables start-~~
~~ing with `LC_'.~~

LC_COLLATE
~~This variable determines the locale category for char-~~
acter collation information within ranges in glob brackets and for sorting.
LC_CTYPE
~~This variable determines the locale category for char-~~
acter handling functions. If the MULTIBYTE option is in effect this variable or LANG should contain a value that reflects the character set in use, even if it is a
single-byte character set, unless only the 7-bit subset
(ASCII) is used. For example, if the character set is
ISO-8859-1, a suitable value might be en_US.iso88591
(certain Linux distributions) or en_US.ISO8859-1
(MacOS).
LC_MESSAGES
This variable determines the language in which messages should be written. Note that zsh does not use message catalogs.
LC_NUMERIC
This variable affects the decimal point character and thousands separator character for the formatted input/output functions and string conversion functions. zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 17 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1)
Note that zsh ignores this setting when parsing float-
ing point mathematical expressions.
LC_TIME
This variable determines the locale category for date and time formatting in prompt escape sequences. LINES The number of lines for this terminal session. Used for printing select lists and for the line editor. LISTMAX In the line editor, the number of matches to list without asking first. If the value is negative, the list will be shown if it spans at most as many lines as given by the absolute value. If set to zero, the shell asks only if the top of the listing would scroll off the screen. LOGCHECK The interval in seconds between checks for login/logout activity using the watch parameter. MAIL If this parameter is set and mailpath is not set, the shell looks for mail in the specified file. MAILCHECK The interval in seconds between checks for new mail. mailpath (MAILPATH )
An array (colon-separated list) of filenames to check
for new mail. Each filename can be followed by a `?' and a message that will be printed. The message will undergo parameter expansion, command substitution and
arithmetic expansion with the variable $_ defined as
the name of the file that has changed. The default message is `You have new mail'. If an element is a directory instead of a file the shell will recursively check every file in every subdirectory of the element. manpath (MANPATH )
An array (colon-separated list) whose value is not used
by the shell. The manpath array can be useful, how-
ever, since setting it also sets MANPATH, and vice versa.
module_path ~~(MODULE_PATH )~~
~~An array (colon-separated list) of directories that~~
zmodload searches for dynamically loadable modules. This is initialized to a standard pathname, usually
`/usr/local/lib/zsh/$ZSH_VERSION'. (The
`/usr/local/lib' part varies from installation to zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 18 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) installation.) For security reasons, any value set in the environment when the shell is started will be ignored.
These parameters only exist if the installation sup-
ports dynamic module loading. NULLCMD
The command name to assume if a redirection is speci-
fied with no command. Defaults to cat. For sh/ksh
behavior, change this to :. For csh-like behavior,
unset this parameter; the shell will print an error message if null commands are entered. path (PATH )
An array (colon-separated list) of directories to
search for commands. When this parameter is set, each directory is scanned and all files found are put in a hash table. POSTEDIT This string is output whenever the line editor exits.
It usually contains termcap strings to reset the termi-
nal. PROMPT PROMPT2 PROMPT3 PROMPT4 Same as PS1, PS2, PS3 and PS4, respectively. prompt Same as PS1.
PROMPT_EOL_MARK
When the PROMPT_CR and PROMPT_SP options are set, the
PROMPT_EOL_MARK parameter can be used to customize how
the end of partial lines are shown. This parameter
undergoes prompt expansion, with the PROMPT_PERCENT
option set. If not set or empty, the default behavior
is equivalent to the value `%B%S%#%s%b'.
PS1 The primary prompt string, printed before a command is read. It undergoes a special form of expansion before being displayed; see EXPANSION OF PROMPT SEQUENCES in
zshmisc(1). The default is `%m%# '.
PS2 The secondary prompt, printed when the shell needs more information to complete a command. It is expanded in
the same way as PS1. The default is `%_> ', which
zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 19 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) displays any shell constructs or quotation marks which are currently being processed. PS3 Selection prompt used within a select loop. It is
expanded in the same way as PS1. The default is `?# '.
PS4
The execution trace prompt. Default is `+%N:%i> ',
which displays the name of the current shell structure and the line number within it. In sh or ksh emulation, the default is `+ '. psvar (PSVAR )
An array (colon-separated list) whose first nine values
can be used in PROMPT strings. Setting psvar also sets PSVAR, and vice versa. READNULLCMD
The command name to assume if a single input redirec-
tion is specified with no command. Defaults to more. REPORTTIME If nonnegative, commands whose combined user and system execution times (measured in seconds) are greater than this value have timing statistics printed for them. REPLY This parameter is reserved by convention to pass string values between shell scripts and shell builtins in situations where a function call or redirection are impossible or undesirable. The read builtin and the
select complex command may set REPLY, and filename gen-
eration both sets and examines its value when evaluat-
ing certain expressions. Some modules also employ REPLY for similar purposes. reply As REPLY, but for array values rather than strings. RPROMPT RPS1
This prompt is displayed on the right-hand side of the
screen when the primary prompt is being displayed on the left. This does not work if the SINGLELINEZLE option is set. It is expanded in the same way as PS1. RPROMPT2 RPS2
This prompt is displayed on the right-hand side of the
screen when the secondary prompt is being displayed on the left. This does not work if the SINGLELINEZLE zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 20 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) option is set. It is expanded in the same way as PS2. SAVEHIST The maximum number of history events to save in the history file. SPROMPT The prompt used for spelling correction. The sequence
`%R' expands to the string which presumably needs spel-
ling correction, and `%r' expands to the proposed
correction. All other prompt escapes are also allowed. STTY If this parameter is set in a command's environment, the shell runs the stty command with the value of this parameter as arguments in order to set up the terminal before executing the command. The modes apply only to the command, and are reset when it finishes or is suspended. If the command is suspended and continued later with the fg or wait builtins it will see the modes specified by STTY, as if it were not suspended. This (intentionally) does not apply if the command is
continued via `kill -CONT'. STTY is ignored if the
command is run in the background, or if it is in the environment of the shell but not explicitly assigned to in the input line. This avoids running stty at every external command by accidentally exporting it. Also note that STTY should not be used for window size specifications; these will not be local to the command. TERM The type of terminal in use. This is used when looking up termcap sequences. An assignment to TERM causes zsh
to re-initialize the terminal, even if the value does
not change (e.g., `TERM=$TERM'). It is necessary to
make such an assignment upon any change to the terminal definition database or terminal type in order for the new settings to take effect. TIMEFMT
The format of process time reports with the time key-
word. The default is `%E real %U user %S system %P
%J'. Recognizes the following escape sequences,
although not all may be available on all systems, and some that are available may not be useful:
%% A `%'.
%U CPU seconds spent in user mode.
%S CPU seconds spent in kernel mode.
%E Elapsed time in seconds.
%P The CPU percentage, computed as (100*%U+%S)/%E.
%W Number of times the process was swapped.
%X The average amount in (shared) text space used in
zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 21 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) Kbytes.
%D The average amount in (unshared) data/stack space
used in Kbytes.
%K The total space used (%X+%D) in Kbytes.
%M The maximum memory the process had in use at any
time in Kbytes.
%F The number of major page faults (page needed to be
brought from disk).
%R The number of minor page faults.
%I The number of input operations.
%O The number of output operations.
%r The number of socket messages received.
%s The number of socket messages sent.
%k The number of signals received.
%w Number of voluntary context switches (waits).
%c Number of involuntary context switches.
%J The name of this job.
A star may be inserted between the percent sign and flags printing time. This cause the time to be printed in `hh:mm:ss.ttt' format (hours and minutes are only printed if they are not zero). TMOUT If this parameter is nonzero, the shell will receive an ALRM signal if a command is not entered within the specified number of seconds after issuing a prompt. If there is a trap on SIGALRM, it will be executed and a new alarm is scheduled using the value of the TMOUT parameter after executing the trap. If no trap is set, and the idle time of the terminal is not less than the
value of the TMOUT parameter, zsh terminates. Other-
wise a new alarm is scheduled to TMOUT seconds after the last keypress. TMPPREFIX
A pathname prefix which the shell will use for all tem-
porary files. Note that this should include an initial part for the file name as well as any directory names. The default is `/tmp/zsh'. watch (WATCH )
An array (colon-separated list) of login/logout events
to report. If it contains the single word `all', then all login/logout events are reported. If it contains the single word `notme', then all events are reported
as with `all' except $USERNAME. An entry in this list
may consist of a username, an `@' followed by a remote
hostname, and a `%' followed by a line (tty). Any or
all of these components may be present in an entry; if a login/logout event matches all of them, it is reported. zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 22 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) WATCHFMT
The format of login/logout reports if the watch parame-
ter is set. Default is `%n has %a %l from %m'. Recog-
nizes the following escape sequences:
%n The name of the user that logged in/out.

%a The observed action, i.e. "logged on" or "logged
off".
%l The line (tty) the user is logged in on.

%M The full hostname of the remote host.

%m The hostname up to the first `.'. If only the IP
address is available or the utmp field contains
the name of an X-windows display, the whole name
is printed.
NOTE: The `%m' and `%M' escapes will work only if
there is a host name field in the utmp on your machine. Otherwise they are treated as ordinary strings.
%S (%s)
Start (stop) standout mode.
%U (%u)
Start (stop) underline mode.
%B (%b)
Start (stop) boldface mode.
%t
%@ The time, in 12-hour, am/pm format.

%T The time, in 24-hour format.

%w The date in `day-dd' format.

%W The date in `mm/dd/yy' format.

%D The date in `yy-mm-dd' format.

%(x:true-text:false-text)
Specifies a ternary expression. The character following the x is arbitrary; the same character is used to separate the text for the "true" result from that for the "false" result. Both the separator and the right parenthesis may be escaped with a backslash. Ternary expressions may be nested. zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 23 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1) The test character x may be any one of `l', `n', `m' or `M', which indicate a `true' result if the corresponding escape sequence would return a
non-empty value; or it may be `a', which indicates
a `true' result if the watched user has logged in, or `false' if he has logged out. Other characters evaluate to neither true nor false; the entire expression is omitted in this case.
If the result is `true', then the true-text is
formatted according to the rules above and
printed, and the false-text is skipped. If
`false', the true-text is skipped and the
false-text is formatted and printed. Either or
both of the branches may be empty, but both separators must be present in any case. WORDCHARS
A list of non-alphanumeric characters considered part of a
word by the line editor. ZBEEP If set, this gives a string of characters, which can use all the same codes as the bindkey command as described in the zsh/zle module entry in zshmodules(1), that will be output to the terminal instead of beeping. This may have a visible instead of an audible effect; for example, the string `\e[?5h\e[?5l' on a vt100 or xterm will have the effect of flashing reverse video on and off (if you usually use reverse video, you should use the string `\e[?5l\e[?5h' instead). This takes precedence over the NOBEEP option. ZDOTDIR The directory to search for shell startup files (.zshrc,
etc), if not $HOME.

ZLE_REMOVE_SUFFIX_CHARS
ZLE_SPACE_SUFFIX_CHARS
These parameters are used by the line editor. In certain circumstances suffixes (typically space or slash) added by the completion system will be removed automatically, either
because the next editing command was not an insertable char-
acter, or because the character was marked as requiring the suffix to be removed. These variables can contain the sets of characters that will
cause the suffix to be removed. If ZLE_REMOVE_SUFFIX_CHARS
is set, those characters will cause the suffix to be
removed; if ZLE_SPACE_SUFFIX_CHARS is set, those characters
will cause the suffix to be removed and replaced by a space. zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 24 User Commands ZSHPARAM(1)
If ZLE_REMOVE_SUFFIX_CHARS is not set, the default behaviour
is equivalent to:
ZLE_REMOVE_SUFFIX_CHARS=$' \t\n;&|'

If ZLE_REMOVE_SUFFIX_CHARS is set but is empty, no charac-
ters have this behaviour. ZLE_SPACE_SUFFIX_CHARS takes pre-
cedence, so that the following:
ZLE_SPACE_SUFFIX_CHARS=$'&|'
causes the characters `&' and `|' to remove the suffix but to replace it with a space. To illustrate the difference, suppose that the option
AUTO_REMOVE_SLASH is in effect and the directory DIR has
just been completed, with an appended /, following which the user types `&'. The default result is `DIR&'. With
ZLE_REMOVE_SUFFIX_CHARS set but without including `&' the
result is `DIR/&'. With ZLE_SPACE_SUFFIX_CHARS set to
include `&' the result is `DIR &'. Note that certain completions may provide their own suffix removal or replacement behaviour which overrides the values described here. See the completion system documentation in zshcompsys(1).
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
_______________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE|
|____________________|__________________|_
| Availability | shell/zsh |
|____________________|__________________|_
| Interface Stability| External |
|____________________|_________________|
NOTES Source for zsh is available on http://opensolaris.org. zsh 4.3.10 Last change: June 1, 2009 25